Mahnaz Katouzi; Saeed Navabpur; Hossein Sabouri; Ali Akbar Ebadi
Abstract
IntroductionOne of the most important goals of researchers is to overcome environmental constraints and maintain food security by identifying and achieving cultivars that have optimal and sustainable yield under difficult conditions. Drought is one of the most important factors limiting crop production ...
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IntroductionOne of the most important goals of researchers is to overcome environmental constraints and maintain food security by identifying and achieving cultivars that have optimal and sustainable yield under difficult conditions. Drought is one of the most important factors limiting crop production in arid and semiarid regions. The average rainfall of 240 millimeters has made Iran one of the world’s driest countries. Drought stress, especially in late season (late stages of growth) is one of the most important and the most common factors limiting plant growth in arid and semi-arid lands. After wheat, rice is the most important food crop in the world and the main source of food for over half of the world's population. Rice is the plant that has the most water needs in these crops. This plant needs about 8000 to 20000 m3 of physiological maturity and 1 kg of dry matter to produce 1 liter of water. Materials and methodsIn order to investigate the response of rice families caused from landrace Tarom and mutant blends under flooding and deficit irrigation conditions, two separate experiments were evaluated in a lattice design under normal and Deficit irrigation conditions in three replications in Babol. Each of the 356 families was planted in two rows of 25 cm between and within the 25 cm row. Irrigation under stress conditions was flooded during the growth period of genotypes, but was stopped in field irrigation stress condition 40 days after transplanting (maximum tillage stage). Tehen, irrigation was done, after 15 days. The soil was sampled and its dry and wet weight was measured and its moisture content was measured. According to the soil moisture curve, it was estimated that in the first stage, the soil water potential was 12.5 bar and in the second stage the soil water potential was 19 bar. Days from planting to flowering and maturity, biomass, plant height, number of fertile tillers, total tiller number, flag leaf length and width, panicle exertion, stem diameter, main panicle length, total panicle weight, main panicle weight, total weight Stem, weight of filled grains, weight of unfilled grains, number of filled grains, number of unfilled grains, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, leaf firing and leaf rolling were recorded. Result and discussionThe results showed that rice families had a good genetic diversity for the selection of families in flood watering and stress. The effect of drought stress on all traits was significant. The decrease in yield under low-irrigation stress conditions was related to the decrease in grain yield components, especially fertility. The results of forward regression showed that under flooding conditions, 100 grain weight, tiller number, fertility, and stem thickness and leaf firing and rolling rate were the most important traits affecting grain yield. Factor analysis summarized the yield variations under flooding and deficit irrigation conditions in 5 factors. In flooding conditions, the first, second, third, fourth and fifth factors were number, yield, and fertility, length, grain dimension and time, respectively, and in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth factors under Deficit irrigation conditions physiology, number, length, Grain dimension and time were named. Cluster analysis classified 352 families under flood and drought stress conditions into 4 and 3 groups, respectively. ConclusionThis study showed that mutation can be used as a very suitable source for producing drought cultivars. Also, the study indicated that to achieve a higher grain yield, one had to rely on the number of filled grains. The results also showed that leaf firing and leaf rolling can be considered as a very important criterion in the selection of top families. This study identified families with low water deficit and maximum grain number, grain weight and panicle number with minimum leaf firing. This family can be used as a great resource for other breeding programs.
Sara Hosseini; Ali Behpouri; Ehsan Bijanzadeh; Mohamad Sadegh Taghizadeh; Manouchehr Dastfal
Abstract
Introduction World demand for yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and also other grain cereals is growing, consequently wheat yield production for food security needs to be increased (Curtis and Halford, 2014). Global average yield loss is about 17% due to variety of reasons which can be up to 70% ...
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Introduction World demand for yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and also other grain cereals is growing, consequently wheat yield production for food security needs to be increased (Curtis and Halford, 2014). Global average yield loss is about 17% due to variety of reasons which can be up to 70% as a consequence of drought stress. A wide range of Iran’s wheat cultivating lands is located in dry and semi dry region and each year wheat yield loss occurs due to drought stress. Many researchers believe that the most sensitive stage of wheat growth to drought stress commences from flowering stage and water deficiency in this stage affects on1000- seed weight during seed filling period (Abid et al., 2016). Materials and methods This research was conducted at Darab College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, located at 7 km out of Darab city with longitude of 54° 26' and latitude of 28° 45', and 1180 m altitude above sea level. Field experiment was conducted as split factorial in randomized complete block design with three replicates. The factors included of irrigation regimes in two levels of normal irrigation (a1: control) and cut-off irrigation from late flowering to physiological maturity (a2: water stress), nitrogen fertilizer treatments in three levels: 33% less than recommended kg In hectare 180 (B1), the recommended amount on the basis of experimental soil was 120 (B2) kg ha-1 and 33% higher than the recommended level of 160 kg (B3) and the treatment of cultivation systems in four levels (using Three genotypes of bread wheat with different maturity: pure cultivation of Sirvan (intermediate maturity) (C1), pure cultivation of line S-92-19 (early maturity) (C2) pure cultivation of Khalil cultivar (late maturity) (C3) and mixed cultivation of Sirvan + Khalil + S-92-19 with the ratio of 1: 1: 1. Soil sampling and analysis was performed at depths of 0-15 and 30-15 centimeters before the experiment. Results and discussion Results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of water stress × cropping system, nitrogen × cropping system, nitrogen × water stress and the interaction of water stress × nitrogen had a significant effect on all traits. The effect of water stress × cropping system × nitrogen was significant for all traits (table 2). The results of mean comparison showed that the highest yield in this experiment obtained in the treatment of intercropping of Sirvan, Khalil and S-92-19 (7742.7) under optimal irrigation and 120 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. Also the lowest amount of grain yield (3209.3) was obtained in pure cultivation of Khalil using 160 kg ha-1 of nitrogen under water stress conditions. Drought tolerance indices were calculated in this experiment and results demonstrated that YI, YSI, STI, GMP and MP were the highest for genotype intercropping emphasizing that the intercropping of genotypes was the most tolerant treatment in this experiment. Moreover, the SIIG index showed that the intercropping of genotypes is the ideal treatment in terms of water stress tolerance in this study. Conclusion The intercropping of genotypes is one of the strategies to promote the sustainability of wheat production by increasing the variation in the cultivation system of this product. The results of this study showed that water stress after flowering stage until the end of the growing season has a significant effect on grain yield. The use of drought tolerance indices is a common method to find the most tolerant genotypes. These indices were used in this study to compare different cropping systems. SIIG index was used to integrate all drought tolerance indices and proved that intercropping is superior compared to all pure cropping systems used in this experiment. Therefore, in warm and dry areas of southern Iran, where there is a risk of drought in the end of the season or tropical winds, intercropping of genotypes can be used as an agro-ecological solution to reduce the negative effects of drought and high temperature. Acknowledgement We would like to appreciate Mr. Dastfal, (member of the Fars Agriculture and Farming Research Center) to convey the genotypes needed in this research.
Masoud Golestani
Abstract
Introduction Thymus daenensis subsp.daenensis is a well –known medicinal plant which is endemic in Iran and grows in many regions of Iran. Thymol and carvacrol are the main components of many Thymus species and thymol content in Thymus daenensis subsp.daenensis is about 70%. One of the major abiotic ...
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Introduction Thymus daenensis subsp.daenensis is a well –known medicinal plant which is endemic in Iran and grows in many regions of Iran. Thymol and carvacrol are the main components of many Thymus species and thymol content in Thymus daenensis subsp.daenensis is about 70%. One of the major abiotic stresses influencing crop productivity is water deficit. Evaluation of genotypic variability under different moisture stress conditions is an essential step for a successful breeding program focused on drought tolerance. Different strategies have been suggested for selecting resistant genotypes to drought stress. Drought indices based on loss of yield under stress conditions compared to normal state have been used for screening drought resistant genotype. Many indices of drought resistance have previously been proposed for use in selection of drought resistant genotypes in various crops. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to determine the most suitable quantitative drought resistance indices and identify drought- resistant ecotypes in Thymus daenensis subsp.daenensis. Materials and methods In order to determine the most suitable quantitative drought resistance indices and identify drought resistant Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis ecotypes, two experiments under non-stress and drought stress conditions were carried out using randomized complete block design with four replications in Abarkouh at 2017-2018 cropping season. The seeds of 12 ecotypes that used in this study collected from different provinces of Iran such as Isfahan (Isfahan, Faridan, Fereydunshahr and Semirom), Markazi (Arak1, Arak2 and Shazand), Lorestan (Khoram abad1, Khoram abad2 and Aligudarz) and Hamadan (Hamadan and Malayer). In this research, drought resistance indices such as tolerance index (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI) and yield stability index (YSI) were calculated using dry yield under non-stress (Yp) and drought stress (Ys) conditions. Combined analysis of variance for dry yield was performed using the SAS software (version 9). Analysis of variance for dry yield under non-stress and stress conditions and drought resistance indices and comparison of their means using by Duncan’s test were done by the SAS software (version 9). Correlations between dry yield under non-stress and stress conditions and drought resistance indices, principle component and biplot analyses, classification of Thymus daenensis subsp..daenensis ecotypes using by ward method based on Euclidean distance were done using MINITAB (version 18) and SPSS (version 23) softwares. Results and discussion The results of combined analysis of variance revealed that the differences between studied ecotypes and between two stress conditions were significant (p < 0.01) in dry yield. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences (p < 0.01) between the ecotypes for Yp, Ys, and MP, GMP, HM, STI and YI indices. Correlation analysis showed that there are significant correlation (p < 0.01) between MP, GMP, HM, STI and YI (indices that were significant in analysis of variance) and dry yield under non-stress and drought stress conditions and so these indices were suggested as the most suitable indices for screening the ecotypes. Principle component analysis showed that two first components explain 99.46% of variation that exist between data. First component explained 79.42% of data variation and named yield potential and drought resistance component. Second component explained 20.04% of data variation and named drought susceptibility component. Distribution of ecotypes in biplot graph represented the genetic diversity among ecotypes for selecting them based on drought resistance. Cluster analysis using by ward method based on Euclidean distances clustered studied Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis ecotypes in three groups and this clustering was approved by discriminant analysis. Ecotypes in cluster 1 and 3 were recognized as susceptible and resistant ecotypes, respectively. Conclusions Multivariate biplot graph indicated that Khoramabad1, Arak1, Khoramabad2, Fereydunshahr and Hamadan ecotypes were located next to the vectors of drought resistance indices, as: MP, GMP, HM, STI and YI and so these ecotypes were suggested as resistant ones. Cluster analysis showed that Khoramabad1, Arak1, Khoramabad2, Fereydunshahr and Hamadan ecotypes could be suggested as drought resistant and Arak2 and Shazand ecotypes as susceptible ones to drought stress and cross between these ecotypes can produce the maximum genetic variation and heterosis.
Drought stress
Soheil Parsa; Hossein Khazaeitabar; Ali Shahidi; Sohrab Mahmoodi
Abstract
IntroductionMaize (Zea mays L.) is an annual crop belonging to poaceae family that compared to other cereals has high yield. After wheat and rice, maize dedicated largest cultivation area in the world. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stress that often affects many aspects of plant ...
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IntroductionMaize (Zea mays L.) is an annual crop belonging to poaceae family that compared to other cereals has high yield. After wheat and rice, maize dedicated largest cultivation area in the world. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stress that often affects many aspects of plant growth and it’s the main limitation factor for crop production especially in arid and semiarid regions. Low irrigation lead to drought stress, which affects the plant growth and development. Drought stress leads to growth reduction, delayed maturity and crop yield loss. The use of modern irrigation methods to increase water use efficiency could help solve the problem of water resources shortage that needed for agriculture. Partial root zone drying irrigation is one of the innovative techniques that enhance water use efficiency without a significant reduction in throughput product. The part of the plant root watering and the other part remains dry; this part of the roots that remained dry by sending a signal to aboveground respond to dry and causes Stomatal closure and reduction of plant water consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different traditional irrigation and partial root zone drying focuses on physiological characteristics of maize. Materials and methodsIn order to evaluate the effect of different traditional irrigation and partial root zone drying on physiological characteristics of corn, an experiment in complete randomized block design with 18 treatments and 3 replication was conducted in Birjand University Agricultural Research Station at 59 degree and 13 minutes of eastern longitudes and 32 degree and 56 minutes altitudes. Irrigation treatment concluding from over irrigation (at 125% water requirement), full irrigation (at 100% water requirement) and combined from traditional low irrigation, low irrigation with fixed furrows and variable furrows after one or two irrigation, that started one month after emergence and continued until the end of vegetative or growth period of plant. low irrigation treatments were applied at 50 and 75% of water requirement. For measuring the volume of irrigation water per plot first net irrigation requirement was measured and then To fine-tune the distribution of water between plots and distribution of water the pumps and water counter were used. Finally, plant height, ear length, leaf area index, Stomatal conductance and relative water content were measured. Results and discussionThe results showed that the effect of irrigation treatment on all treats was significant. The highest averages were observed in irrigation at 125% of water requirement and applying various methods of irrigation lead to reduced plant height, ear length, leaf area index, stomatal conductance and relative water content in all of low irrigation treatments were observed in maize plants, although this different was not statistically significant in some treatments. Although water stress was reduced in maize plants traits, but the difference caused by the stress at the partial root zone drying was less than traditional low irrigation compared to full irrigation. Partial root zone drying also increased the physiological characteristics compared to traditional low irrigation treatments. It has been reported that the use of partial root zone drying in cotton resulted in significant savings in water consumption, earliness and increase the quality of the product, this technique reduces water consumption by 50% and increase water use efficiency by 21 percent compared to conventional irrigation to full irrigation was 43 percent. ConclusionAccording to the results of this study can be recommended partial root zone irrigation at 75 percentages of maize plant water requirement by variable irrigated furrows after twice irrigation as the best treatment for water use reduction in maize seed production. This treatment is appropriate for solving the water crisis.
Pegah Aqaei Sagzabadi; Weria Weisany; Marjan Dianat
Abstract
Introduction Water-deficit stress is known as drought stress, which reduces agricultural production mainly by disrupting the osmotic equilibrium and membrane structure of the cell. Drought stresses, either flooding or drought, affect multiple aspects of plant physiology and metabolism. Flooding results ...
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Introduction Water-deficit stress is known as drought stress, which reduces agricultural production mainly by disrupting the osmotic equilibrium and membrane structure of the cell. Drought stresses, either flooding or drought, affect multiple aspects of plant physiology and metabolism. Flooding results in reduced oxygen supply to roots, leading to the malfunctioning of critical root functions, including limited nutrient uptake and respiration. Nanotechnology research has opened up a new opportunity in crop improvement. Silica is one of the most common elements in the earth’s crust and in the plants’ ash. Although Si is not always considered a necessary element for plants, it is assumed to be necessary for some plants. During the last decade, an array of exploratory experiments has been conducted to gauge the potential impact of nanotechnology on crop improvement. Nanotechnology is one of the most significant techniques in the protection of agricultural products and food, and much research attribute to its utilization a number of environmental benefits. Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and related industries can increase production, improve quality and protect the environment and global resources. Nano fertilizers can increase the efficiency nutrient use by controlling the release of the nutrients from the fertilizer. Materials and methods In order to study the influence of potassium nano-silica (PNS) on maize under different levels of drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized block design with three replications at the Center of Agricultural Research and Education and the Natural Resources of Qazvin, during the 2017-2018 growing season. The first factor was drought stress and the second factor nano-silica/potassium fertilizer was included (control) 1 and 2 per thousand. There were 5 rows of 5 m with a row distance of 75 cm. Plant distance within a row was 20 cm. Seeds were disinfected with Vitawax fungicide before they were planted. Seeds were planted in groups of 3 at 3-5 cm depth to guarantee that a healthy plant was established at each plant site. Superfluous plants were removed when plants had 4-6 leaves. The solution of PNS was sprayed at 0, 100 and 200 ppm concentrations when plants had 6-8 leaves. The control group was treated with distilled water. Weeds were removed manually during the experiment. The harvest was performed manually when seeds were physiologically ripe. Results and discussion The results showed that by increasing drought stress, plant height, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, leaf number per plant, number of ear per plant, ear length, ear diameter, row number per ear, number of seeds per ear, ear cob weight, ear weight and seed thousand weight decreased. It was observed that the by using nano-silica/potassium the morphological characteristics of corn and the absorption of nutrients were improved, fresh weight, dry weight, number of ear per plant, ear length, number of rows per ear, ear weight and ear weight, were obtained in 2 in 1000 nano-silica/ potassium. Number of leaves per plant, ear diameter, number of seeds per row and seed thousand weight of levels 1 and 2 in 1000 nano-silica/potassium were in a statistical group. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that the using of nano-silica/potassium fertilizer under favorable irrigation conditions and drought stress by providing nutrients could improve morphological indices and absorption of nutrients. Nano-silica/potassium fertilizer was decreased the effects of drought stress and was increased plant tolerance to drought stress conditions. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran in Iran for its collaboration.
Maryam Fatollahpour Grangah; Varahram Rashidi; Bahram Mirshekari; Ebrahim Khalilvand Behrozyar; Farhad Farahvash
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of irrigation levels and foliar application with Zinc and Iron elements in nano form on grain yield and growth traits of pinto bean, an experiment was designed as a split factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in the experimental ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of irrigation levels and foliar application with Zinc and Iron elements in nano form on grain yield and growth traits of pinto bean, an experiment was designed as a split factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in the experimental station of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran during for 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing season. Irrigation conditions (normal irrigation and water deficit stress in 50% flowering) were arranged in the main plots and experimental factors (nano-fertilizers and cultivar s) in the sub-plots. Factors experiment were included foliar application of nano-fertilizers in four levels [without foliar application (control), foliar application of nano Zn (1.5 g L–1), foliar application of nano Fe (2 g L–1) and foliar application of nano Fe+Zn (2+1.5 g L–1] and four cultivars of pinto bean (Sadri, Coosha, Cos 16 and Ghaffar). The results showed that water deficit decreased grain yield, 100-seed weight, number seeds per pod and number pod per plant traits of pinto bean but, the application of Zinc and Iron elements in nano form could moderate the effects of water deficit stress. The highest of 100-Seed weight was observed in Saddri cultivar which had no significant difference with Ghaffar cultivar. Coosha and Cos 16 cultivars were after Sadri and Ghaffar cultivars. In both normal and water deficit conditions, the highest number of seeds per pod, grain yield and number of pods per plant were observed in Cos 16 cultivar. Also, the study of mean comparisons interaction showed that the application of Zinc and Iron elements in nano form had the great effect on number of seeds per pod, grain yield and number of pods per plant in all cultivar s in water deficit stress condition. Therefore, it was conducted that the foliar application of Zinc and Iron fertilizers can be useful in pinto bean cultivars under water deficit stress condition.
Jaber Khordadi Varamin; Farzad Fanoodi; Jafar Masoud Sinaki; Shahram Rezvan; Ali Damavandi
Abstract
IntroductionSesamum, scientifically named Sesamum indicum L., is one of the oldest oilseed families and is adapted to warm and semi-warm regions and is known as the queen of oilseeds. The use of nanotechnology in the production of fertilizers results in optimal release and increased efficiency of absorption ...
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IntroductionSesamum, scientifically named Sesamum indicum L., is one of the oldest oilseed families and is adapted to warm and semi-warm regions and is known as the queen of oilseeds. The use of nanotechnology in the production of fertilizers results in optimal release and increased efficiency of absorption of nutrients in fertilizer which leads to significant economic and environmental benefits. Chitosan elicits stimulating defense mechanisms and is beneficial to plants, animals and humans and is environmentally friendly. Due to the fact that water stress and dehydration in Iran is always one of the most important agricultural problems and due to the importance of magnesium in photosynthesis of plants and also the use of different polymers such as chitosan to reduce the damage caused by stress, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of nano chitosan and magnesium application under water stress conditions on some sesame traits for sustainable agriculture development in Varamin region. Materials and methodsIn order to evaluate limited water stress and foliar application of magnesium and chitosan on growth and yielding traits and oil content of two sesame varieties, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on completely randomized blocks designed with three replications in a research farm in the southern Varamin Province, Iran, during 2016-17 growing season. Irrigation cut-off based on BBCH scale in three-level included: normal irrigation, 65 BBCH (flowering), and irrigation cut-off in 75 BBCH (capsule maturity) as the main factors. Sub-plot included a combination of three factors: two genotypes Oltan and Dashtestan-2, foliar application of Mg-nano in two levels non-application and foliar application (2 g/L) in 65 BBCH stage and foliar application of chitosan in three levels: non-application, foliar application of 4.8 g/L in 65 BBCH stage and 6.4 g/L in 75 BBCH stage. Results and discussionThe results showed that the irrigation up to 65 BBCH caused a reducing 28.08, 20.8, 53.05, 54.04 and 23.10% in the average traits of number of capsules, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, LAI, and oil percentage content in compared to the normal irrigation treatment (control). The highest grain yield was achieved in the application of Mg-nano-fertilizer under normal irrigation in Dashtestan-2 variety with a mean of 1188.2 kg/ha, which 16.3% increased in compared to the control treatment. The highest oil percentage was observed in the application of Mg-nano under normal irrigation was in Dashtestan-2 variety with an average of 50.38%, which 3.5% increase in compared to the control treatment. The highest grain yield was achieved in the application of Mg-nano-fertilizer under normal irrigation in Dashtestan-2 variety with a mean of 1188.2 kg/ha, which 16.3% increased in compared to the control treatment. The highest oil percentage was observed in the application of Mg-nano under normal irrigation was in Dashtestan-2 variety with an average of 50.38%, which 3.5% increase in compared to the control treatment. ConclusionFinally, foliar application of Mg-nano and chitosan (4.8 g/L) under water stress conditions were able to compensate for damage and to modify the negative effects of stress.
Zeinab Karamian Hasan Abadi; Hamid Reza Eisvand; Mashaallah Daneshvar; Omidali Akbarpour
Abstract
Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oil seed crops, growing widely in tropical and subtropical areas. Drought is a polygenic stress and is considered as one of the most important factors limiting crop yields around the world. Most of the Iranian soils have a high pH and calcareous ...
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Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oil seed crops, growing widely in tropical and subtropical areas. Drought is a polygenic stress and is considered as one of the most important factors limiting crop yields around the world. Most of the Iranian soils have a high pH and calcareous nature, and micronutrients solubility in these soils is low. Micronutrient deficiency, especially iron, is widespread where soil is calcareous with high pH, low organic matter, continuous drought, high bicarbonate content in irrigation water, and imbalanced application of NPK fertilizers. Foliar nutrition is an option when nutrient deficiencies cannot be corrected by applications of nutrients to the soil. Microelements Foliar application is very helpful when the roots cannot provide necessary nutrients. Iron is an important element in crops, because it is essential for many enzymes including cytochromes, which is involved in the electron transport chain, chlorophyll synthesis, and maintains the structure of chloroplasts. Nowadays, nanoparticles of metals are widely used in many sections, such as medicine, agriculture, and industry. Iron oxide nanoparticles have a large surface area and high reactivity. Moreover, when compared to many other metallic nanoparticles, the iron oxide nanoparticles are constant, less expensive, and less toxic. Iron oxide nanoparticles have high magnetization amounts, a size smaller than 100 nm and a thin particle size distribution. These particles also have a special surface cover of magnetic particles, which has to be harmless and biocompatible. Materials and methods To study the effect of drought stress and iron oxide nanoparticle foliar application on quantitative and qualitative traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), an experiment was conducted as split-plot with three replications at the research farm of Agricultural Faculty, Lorestan University in 2016. The experimental factors were included drought stress in two levels of non-stress (Irrigation to reach soil water to FC 100%) and drought stress (Irrigation to reach soil water to FC 50%) as the main factor, and iron oxide nanoparticle foliar application in five levels of non-foliar application (Control), foliar application by water (1000 liters of water per hectare), iron oxide nanoparticle 0.05% (0.5 kg/1000 L of water per hectare), iron oxide nanoparticle 0.1% (1.0 kg/1000 L of water per hectare) and iron oxide nanoparticle 0.15% (1.5 kg/1000 L of water per hectare) as the sub factor. The measured traits included number of capsules per plant, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, grain oil content, grain oil yield, grain protein content and grain protein yield. Analysis of variance was performed using general linear model (GLM) procedure of statistical analysis system (SAS version: 9.3). The means were analyzed using the Tukey test at P=0.05. Results and discussion Results showed that the drought stress decreased significantly traits of 1000 grain weight (18.51%), grain yield (26.52%), biological yield (9.42%), harvest index (3.94%), grain oil content (10.30%), grain oil yield (40.47%) and grain protein yield (24.90%) except for the number of capsules per plant and grain protein content. However, the iron oxide nanoparticle application improved significantly traits of 1000 grain weight (19.86%), grain yield (37.43%), biological yield (22.91%), harvest index (3.86%), grain oil content (6.49%), grain oil yield (45.70%) and grain protein yield (40.93%) under drought stress except for the number of capsules per plant, and grain protein content. Among different levels of foliar application, iron oxide nanoparticle 0.15% had the most effect on increasing the measured traits except for the harvest index. Conclusions In general, iron oxide nanoparticle foliar application can be used, especially at a concentration of 0.15%, to reduce the harmful effects of drought stress and improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of sesame in Khorramabad city.
Noushin Karimi; Mani Mojaddam; Shahram Lack; Khoshnaz Payandeh; Alireza Shokuhfar
Abstract
Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal grains that is cultivated in more than 180 million hectares, and its production is over 1000 million tons. The occurrence of water stress causes metabolic disorders in plant cells, such as the increase in the production of active forms ...
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Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal grains that is cultivated in more than 180 million hectares, and its production is over 1000 million tons. The occurrence of water stress causes metabolic disorders in plant cells, such as the increase in the production of active forms of oxygen such as radical superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and radical hydroxyl as one of the major factors in metabolic abnormalities in the cell. Plants against oxidative stress induced, efficient defense system that can destroy or neutralize free radicals. This defense system includes superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Correct management practices and the application of advanced techniques to maintain moisture storage and increase water holding capacity are effective measures to increase the efficiency of irrigation and thus improve the utilization of water resources. One of the new methods for increasing irrigation efficiency is the use of superabsorbents. Superabsorbent polymers can absorb large amounts of water or aqueous solutions and swell. These water storage tanks, when placed in the soil, absorb irrigation water and rainfall and prevent it from quenching. After the environment is dry, the water inside the polymer is gradually evacuated, and thus the soil for a period of Long and no need to re-irrigate, it's moisturizing, it also increases the impact of plant and nutrients, and, on average, reduces phosphorus losses by 84 percent, reducing nitrogen to 83 percent. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron, zinc, and superabsorbent application of water deficit stress on quantitative yield and corn antioxidant enzymes activity in Shushtar climate. Materials and methods This research was carried out in two years between 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in a farm located in Shushtar with a longitude 48 degrees and 49 minutes east and a latitude 32 degrees and 14 minutes north and a height of 110 meters from the sea level. The experiment was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation after 30, 40 and 50% field capacity depletion, respectively). Sub-factor was composed of twolevels of polyurethane foam (super-adsorbent, 0 and 200 kg ha-1) and sub-subplots including spraying of nutrients with four levels [control (water), iron spraying, zinc spraying and spraying Iron + zinc]. Results Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent stress on grain yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grain per ear, catalase enzyme and supraoxydisodium were significant. In dehydration conditions, grain yield, number of seeds per ear and ascorbate peroxidase decreased, but the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased. On the other hand interaction of dehydration and superabsorbent stress was significant on grain yield. The highest grain yield (8530.6 kg ha-1) was attributed to irrigation after 40% capacity utilization and application of 200 kg/ha superabsorbent. Spray application of iron and zinc resulted in increased grain yield, number of seeds per ear, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Conclusion Overall, the results showed that foliar application of micronutrients and superabsorbent important role in the growth and development of corn plants as well as the fact that the highest values of grain yield and activities of antioxidant enzymes of fertilizer zinc and iron from micro-nutrients are, It can be concluded that using such fertilizers can provide the best conditions for obtaining maximum yield and biochemical traits in corn. On the other hand, iron and zinc micronutrient spraying caused a decrease of 45% damage caused by water deficit stress on grain yield. The superabsorbent effect is also more pronounced in lower moisture content. The application of superabsorbent hydrogels in the soil increased plant yield and saved water consumption, therefore the use of this substance in less water can be effective in increasing the yield and reducing the adverse effects of stress in conditions of water shortage. Therefore, according to the results obtained in irrigation conditions after discharge of 40% of the crop capacity, the application of polyester absorbent and micronutrient application of iron and zinc improved seed yield and biochemical traits of corn.
Azadeh Keshtkar; Ahmad Aien; Hormozed Naghavii; Hamid Najafi Nezhad
Abstract
Introduction Quinoa plant (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a grain- like crop with high nutritional values and resistant to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity stress. Drought stress is one of major stresses, which had the undesirable effects on qualitative and quantitative yield of crops in ...
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Introduction Quinoa plant (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a grain- like crop with high nutritional values and resistant to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity stress. Drought stress is one of major stresses, which had the undesirable effects on qualitative and quantitative yield of crops in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. On the other hand, Jasmonate (Jasmonic acid), are a new plant growth regulator that plays an important role in increase the resistance of plants to environmental stresses such as drought stress. That's why this experiment aims to investigate the impact of drought stress and foliar application Jasmonic acid on yield and some agronomic and physiologic characteristics of Quinoa cultivars. Material and methods This experiment was carried out in split factorial design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Kerman agricultural research and education center (Joupar station) during 2018. The main factor was included non-stress (normal irrigation) and drought stress (based on 60% and 90% of usable soil moisture discharge) and foliar application of JA in three levels (0, 1 and 2 mg/l) and varieties (Giza1, Titicaca, Q29) as factorial arranged in sub factor. The measured traits were seed yield, inflorescence number in plant, seed 1000 weight, biological yield, plant height, harvest index, relative water content and chlorophyll index. Results and discussion The results showed that drought stress reduced the seed yield and some agronomic and physiologic traits of Quinoa. The application of JA, especially concentration of 2 mg/L improved these traits compared to the control treatments. The highest seed yield and biological yield were obtained from interaction of normal irrigation and 2 mg/l JA and Titicaca cultivar by 3316 and 13265 kg/ha, respectively. The lowest seed yield and biological yield related to interaction of drought stress and non-application of JA and Giza1 cultivar by 1682 and 7733 kg/ha, respectively. The highest plant height was achieved from the interaction of Titicaca cultivar under non-stress conditions and application of 2 mg/l JA by 142.4 cm. The highest chlorophyll leaf index (SPAD index) was observed under non stress conditions and spraying of 1 mg/l JA in Giza1 by 58.8. Conclusions According to the result of this research, it can be suggested that JA as a growth regulator, can increase seed yield and productivity of quinoa cultivars, especially Titicaca cultivar through the reducing the negative effect of drought stress and improving plant growth
Atefeh Sadat Mousavi; Naeemi Masoumeh; Abdolatif Ghilizadeh; Ali Rahemi Karizaki
Abstract
Introduction Drought stress is the most important environmental factor limiting the growth and development of plants worldwide, so drought effect is much more than other environmental stresses. The results of various studies show that drought stress will significantly reduce dry matter production of ...
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Introduction Drought stress is the most important environmental factor limiting the growth and development of plants worldwide, so drought effect is much more than other environmental stresses. The results of various studies show that drought stress will significantly reduce dry matter production of plant and some other agronomic traits such as yield and yield components. Elicitors are compounds of biological or non-biological origin that cause biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites through induction of the Defense system. One of the newest of these compounds that can reduce the effects of drought stress is chitosan, it is a non-toxic polymer, it is degradable in nature and environmentally friendly. Salicylic acid is a natural hormone-like compound that regulates endogenous plant growth as a messenger molecule, it regulates numerous physiological processes in plants such as growth, photosynthesis, and some metabolic processes. Use of salicylic acid under drought stress enhances some physiological processes that can increase plant resistance to drought stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using elicitors under drought stress on some physiological characteristics and yield of hyssop essential oil. Materials and methods The study was conducted at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, with 55° 12′ longitude and 37° 16′ north latitudes and 45 m altitude from sea in winter and spring in the crop year 2018-2017. Gonbad-Kavus climate is classified as warm and semi-arid by Mediterranean climate and has an average annual rainfall of 450 mm. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors studied in this irrigation were three levels including 7-day irrigation (I1), 14-day irrigation (I2) and 21-day irrigation (I3) as main factors and four levels of spraying including no use of elicitors (control treatment). Spraying solution with pure water), spraying solution of salicylic acid (300 mg/L), chitosan spraying solution (5 g/L) and combination of salicylic acid and chitosan were considered as sub-agents. After application of spraying treatments, to evaluate the effect of elicitors on relative leaf water content, saturation water deficiency, antioxidant enzyme activity, yield and essential oil yield samples were transferred to the laboratory. Results and discussion The results showed that the lowest relative humidity (48.39%) and the highest saturated water deficit (51.60%) were related to severe stress conditions (21 days’ irrigation) without using elicitors that Salicylic acid increased 30.54% relative water content of plant leaves and 28.64% reduced saturated water deficit compared to non-consumed treatments. Concerning antioxidant enzymes, the results showed that the highest amount of catalase activity was related to treatment with salicylic acid and chitosan under 14-day irrigation, which resulted in a 20% increase in this enzyme. Also, the combination of two substances increased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase in control and mild (14 days) stress. Yield and essential oil percentage were not affected by interaction, but it was observed that the simple effect of spray increased this rate in this plant. Due to dry climatic conditions in the country and lack of rainfall with poor irrigation, better performance of this medicinal plant can be achieved and water loss can be prevented. Conclusion Environmental stresses are the most important factors in decreasing crop yield worldwide. Spray of salicylic acid and chitosan reduced the adverse effects of drought stress on plant and improved antioxidant activity, yield and essential oil content of hyssop.
Hossein Ebrahimi Sborezi; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy; Abolfazl Baghbani arani
Abstract
Introduction Water and nitrogen fertilizer are major determinants of the level of agricultural production in the world, in addition to the quantity and quality of Medicinal plants are also effective. Iran's climate is mainly dry and semi-arid, in such a situation, where abnormal environmental stresses ...
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Introduction Water and nitrogen fertilizer are major determinants of the level of agricultural production in the world, in addition to the quantity and quality of Medicinal plants are also effective. Iran's climate is mainly dry and semi-arid, in such a situation, where abnormal environmental stresses occur for plants. Improving crop yields in these stress conditions require good management of inputs (such as water and nutrients), their amount and type, and knowledge of physiological processes and plant defense mechanisms is essential. Water stress can significantly alter the metabolism of plants and reduce growth and photosynthesis and ultimately yield of plants. In this situation, effective management of water consumption in agriculture is an urgent necessity. In this regard, the use of agronomic techniques such as application of organic fertilizers or enhancement of soil biological conditions may be effective in reducing the effects of water stress and less use of chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture and human nutritional health. Also, intensive agriculture with the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen can cause an increase in costs and environmental pollution. A key component of sustainable agriculture is use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and azocompost. Materials and methods In order to investigate the effects of water deficit stress and different nitrogen fertilizers on morphological, physiological traits, biological yield and essential oil percentage of peppermint, a experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block de sign with three replications were carried out in 2018 at the field research station of the Agricultural Research Center of Tarbiat Modares University in Karaj (51 10’E, 33 44’ N, 1305.2 m above sea level). Experimental treatments consisted of three irrigation regimes (irrigation up to field capacity and after unloading 25, 40 and 55% water use in root zone, respectively) as the major factor and six fertilizer treatments based on nitrogen requirement respectively (100% chemical fertilizer, no fertilizer, 50% chemical + 50% azocompost, 100% vermicompost, 100% azocompost and 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% vermicompost) were as sub-factors. After field preparations, this area was divided into 54 experimental plots each of which were 2 m long with six rows, 0.2 m apart. Between all the main plots, a 3 m alley was kept to eliminate the influence of lateral water movement. Plant to plant distance in each row was 0.2 cm. Results Analysis of variance showed that the effect of all the experimental treatments and their interaction on all measured traits was significant. The results showed that mild and severe drought stress decreased plant height (18.2 and 42.92%) and biological yield (15.11 and 51.98%, respectively), while pigment, carotenoid, anthocyanin, proline and essential oil percentage increased. Nitrogen fertilizer application increased all measured traits. In most of the traits measured in this experiment, 50% chemical fertilizer and 50% vermicompost fertilizer were evaluated even better under severe water deficit conditions than other treatments. Conclusion: The results also showed that if the aim of planting peppermint is to improve the quality (essential oil percentage) of the plant by applying high water deficit stress, it can save more than 50% water consumption by producing the highest essential oil percentage. And vermicompost fertilizer can also be substituted for nitrogen chemical fertilizer to promote safe and sustainable
Leila Tamadon; Mehrnaz Riasat
Abstract
Existence of environmental abiotic stresses, especially drought stress, is one of the most important problems in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought stress occurs when the plant receives less water than its losses. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of drought stress on morphological ...
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Existence of environmental abiotic stresses, especially drought stress, is one of the most important problems in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought stress occurs when the plant receives less water than its losses. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of drought stress on morphological traits, proline content and phenolic compounds of rosemary herb in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in Department of Natural Resources, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre. Drought stress was applied at four levels (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity). The measured traits were fresh and dry weight of aerial and root organs, leaf area, leaf number, plant length, leaf proline content and phenolic compounds. In this research, rosemary plants were found to have no significant difference in terms of fresh and dry weight of shoot, root fresh weight, shoot length, and normal conditions (FC 100%) in drought stress conditions with 75% field capacity. Also, under drought stress conditions with an intensity of 75% of the field capacity, root length increased to 27.67 centimeters. Root dry weight, leaf area and leaf number decreased significantly under drought stress conditions. In drought stress conditions with a 25% field capacity, the amount of Quercetin (439.04 mg/L), Trans-ferulic acid (72.48 mg/L), Hesperedin (407.62 mg/L), Eugenol (65.36 mg/L), Hesperetin (107.34 mg/L), Rosmarinic acid (1133.34 mg/L) significantly increased. Proline content in drought stress conditions of 25% field capacity was 79.72 μm/g.
Salinity stress
Mohammad Ali Abbasi Vineh; Mohammad Sadegh Sabet; Ghasem Karimzadeh
Abstract
Introduction Seed-yield as an important and quantitative trait for grain crops is determined by yield components, although it could also be adversely influenced by genotype and environment. Salinity limits seed yield via interfering with major physiological functions, disrupting ion homeostasis and diminishing ...
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Introduction Seed-yield as an important and quantitative trait for grain crops is determined by yield components, although it could also be adversely influenced by genotype and environment. Salinity limits seed yield via interfering with major physiological functions, disrupting ion homeostasis and diminishing nutrient uptake (such as phosphorus) in plant cells. Phosphorus plays an important role in photosynthesis, respiration, and regulation of a number of enzymes as well as signaling pathways. Due to the vital roles of phosphorus in cells, plant growth and productivity are frequently limited by low phosphorus availability. One of the adaptive changes of plants under phosphate deficient condition is the increase in phosphatase activity which is one of the primary plant responses to Pi releasing and recycling from both internal and external resources. Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) are a group of APases that catalyze the hydrolysis of a wide range of phosphate esters and anhydrides in plants. The ultimate aim of salinity tolerance research is to increase the ability of plants to maintain growth and productivity in saline soils through the identification genes associated with responding to salt stress. Our current knowledge making AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes promising candidate for biotechnological strategies to improve Pi acquisition and utilization, and enhance yield components under NaCl stress condition. Materials and methods The Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, ecotype Columbia-0 (Col-0), atpap17 and atpap26 homozygous T-DNA insertion mutant lines (Mu17 and Mu26), double mutant of atpap17/26 (DM), AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 overexpressing lines (OE17 and OE26) were used. After seeds stratified at 4°C for 48 h, the plants were cultivated (1peat moss: 1perlite: 1cocopeat) in growth chambers with a 16 h light (1000 Lux), 8 h dark photoperiod at 25°C. Plants grown on this condition fertilized 48 hourly by subirrigation with similar Hoagland’s solution containing 1.25 mM KH2PO4 for 28 days. Subsequently, the seedlings were subjected to salt stress by applying 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl with the same Hoagland’s solution containing 1.25 mM KH2PO4 for 16 days (long-term). The control plants were grown without addition of NaCl.Trend of flowering (for eight days after salt stress), pods number per plant, seeds number per each pod, and l000-seed weight obtained during the salt stress period. Finally, the total seed yield (total seed yield obtained from pods N. per plant × seed N. per each pod × l000-seed weight) was also calculated for all plants. Total phosphorus (TP) and free phosphorus inorganic (Pi) contents were also measured. There were three replications (with 15 plants on each replication) of each treatment. Least significant differences were used for means separation at the 0.01 probability levels. Results and discussion Results from the study revealed that the yield-related parameters and total yield as well as PT and Pi contents were gradually decreased in the genotypes with increase salt stress to 100 and 150 mM NaCl. However, no similar amount of decrease was observed among them under same growth conditions. Results showed that increase of NaCl concentration was associated with decreases in phosphorus accumulation in plants, and alternatively, phosphorus deficiency stress in plants caused to decline in the seed yield. The PT content of OE17 and OE26 were significantly higher than that in WT, although Pi content of OE17 was no-significantly higher, and Pi content of OE26 was significantly higher in compared with WT at 150 mM NaCl. These findings showed that AtPAP26 beyond AtPAP17 plays functional role in internal Pi-recycling or increasing the availability of Pi for plant by releasing Pi from external organophosphates when seedlings were deprived of the Pi supply. DM plants did not have any pod at 150 mM NaCl, the DM plants (at both 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and Mu26 (at 150 mM NaCl) lacked any seed per pod, and also the number of seed per pod of Mu17 were significantly less than that of WT at 150 mM NaCl. In addition to these genotypes that did not have any seed, and subsequently no one-thousand-seed weight, the seeds of Mu17 showed lack viability, with increasing level of salt concentration and period of salt stress. Thus, Mu17 and Mu26 (at 150 mM NaCl), and DM (at both 100 and 150 mM NaCl) genotypes could not obtain total seed yield; However, OE17 and OE26 produced the highest total seed yield, under both 100 and 150 mM NaCl. These results indicated that the plants responded to salinity depending on severity, duration of the stress and potential of them. Our results clearly demonstrated that overexpression of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes is an effective approach to improve P acquisition. In addition, since AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 have both acid phosphatase and alkaline-peroxidase activity, they could be involved in phosphate scavenging and recycling as well as the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. These results could suggest that the physiological roles of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 might be related to the adaptation of Arabidopsis to NaCl stress, possibly through its involvement in reactive oxygen species forming, scavenging and stress-responding signal transduction pathways. Conclusions It was clear that enhancing yield production was associated with Pi homeostasis in plants, and homeostasis of Pi for yield enhancement was related with the potential of the genotypes to recycle and scavenge Pi from intracellular and extracellular, and translocate Pi, under salt stress. Overall, the results suggest that AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes to supply of homeostasis of Pi could be used for the increase the ability to maintain of yield, under salt stress in Arabidopsis plants. Hence, the study of the positive effect of two AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 phosphatases on seed yield and seed yield components will be useful in generating of salt-tolerant crops.
Siavoosh Solhi Andarab; Varahram Rashidi; Hossein Shahbazi; Farhad Farahvash; Alireza Ahmadzadeh
Abstract
In order to determine the heritability and genetic parameters of yield and yield components under salinity stress in barley, a crossing 7×7 one-way diallel was conducted during 2016 – 2017 in Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran. The F1 seeds alongwith their parents were grown in a greenhouse ...
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In order to determine the heritability and genetic parameters of yield and yield components under salinity stress in barley, a crossing 7×7 one-way diallel was conducted during 2016 – 2017 in Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran. The F1 seeds alongwith their parents were grown in a greenhouse experiment under non-stress (control) and salinity stresses of 8 and 12 ds/m. In this research, yield and some morphological and agronomic traits were measured. The results of the goodness of fit indicate the adequacy of additive-dominant model for all of the traits. Results showed that all traits had high broad sense heritability, suggesting the usefulness of the traits under study in selection of salinity stress of barley. The results of the experiment showed that the average degree of dominance in all salinity levels was greater than one, so the above traits were controlled by the over-dominance. Results showed that for plant height, dominant alleles and for grain yield and 100 kernels weight, recessive alleles are favorable. Non-significant GCA source of variation in Grifting's method in most of the traits, confirmed the contribution of dominance effects. The narrow sense heritability of traits was low, suggesting that selection for these traits should be delayed until after some homozygosity was achieved. Based on the narrow sense heritability, it was concluded that, under moderate salinity (8ds/m) spike weight, number of seeds/spike and plant yield and under sever salinity (12ds/m) spike weight, number of fertile tillers and plant yield can be regarded as favorable criteria for selection of salinity tolerance in barley.
Salinity stress
Sajad Ansari Ardali; Majid Nabipour; Habib Alah Roshanfekr; Mahmoud Bagheri
Abstract
Introduction About 6.8 million hectares of agricultural lands in the country have different degrees of salinity, of which 4.3 million hectares have only salinity limits. The response of plants to salt stress is complex and depends on various factors such as concentration and type of solutes, plant species, ...
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Introduction About 6.8 million hectares of agricultural lands in the country have different degrees of salinity, of which 4.3 million hectares have only salinity limits. The response of plants to salt stress is complex and depends on various factors such as concentration and type of solutes, plant species, plant growth stage and environmental factors. The use of salinity tolerant cultivars is currently one of the most effective ways to exploit and increase yield in saline and low saline soils. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a native plant of the Andean region of South America that was cultivated there from 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2002) designated Quinoa as one of the most important crops for food security of the world's population in the last century. Most Quinoa cultivars are capable of growing in salinity at concentrations of 40 (dSm-1) and even higher. This salinity is too high for most crops. Increasing the concentration of NaCl in the nutrient solution, followed by increasing the osmotic potential, adsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions during seed germination causes cell damage and ultimately inhibits or reduces germination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity caused by the use of poor quality water on yield and yield components of Quinoa as well as germination components of different Quinoa cultivars. Materials and methods This study was carried out in cultivation in controlled environment (germination apparatus) at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, in order to evaluate the reaction of cultivars and genotypes to salt stress conditions. In the experiment conducted under controlled conditions, the experimental treatments included salinity (NaCl) at six levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 dSm-1) and three genotypes and genotypes of Quinoa (Giz, Titicaca, Q26) was performed as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. To find plant respanses and chose the best one using seed number and germination rate, percentage and germination rate, seed Vigor index, mean germination time, time to 10% germination, time to 50% germination and time to 90% germination were calculated according to the equations. Results The results of analysis of variance showed that salinity stress had a significant effect on germination percentage and rate, and other measured germination indices (p < 0.01). Interaction of cultivar and salinity stress on root length, stem length, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, seed vigor index, germination uniformity, D10, D50 at 1% and germination percentage at 5% were significant. With increasing salinity levels from the control treatment to the highest salinity level (50 dSm-1), the decreasing trend of root and shoot length as well as root and shoot dry weight was observed. Titicaca showed the highest germination percentage and the highest seed vigor index in control treatment. In the salinity-free treatment, Titicaca showed the best and worst yield in Q26 at 50 (dSm-1) for 10% germination. Among other cultivars, Titicaca showed the highest root and shoot length and the lowest root and shoot length at 50 (dSm-1) under non-salinity stress conditions. Titicaca cultivar had the highest and Giz cultivar had the lowest germination and root dry weight. Titicaca cultivar in control treatment showed the highest root and shoot length with an average of 5.53 and 5.57 cm, respectively, while in salinity treatment of 50 dS/m-1 with an average of 0.4 and 0.3 cm minimum root and shoot length. Also, the best uniformity in germination with 20.2 hours was observed in Titicaca cultivar in control treatment. Conclusions At low salinity levels, acceptable yield was observed but in sever salinity condition most of the crops could not grow during the phenological stages. According to the results of this study and the study of quinoa behavior and high tolerance of the plant in the germination stage in the face of salinity stress, to improve salinity resistance in crops through breeding programs, and further study of salinity defense mechanisms in susceptible cultivars It is recommended. It seems that despite the significant effectiveness of all three cultivars and significant reduction in germination indices at high salinity levels Titicaca cultivar had a higher tolerance threshold than the other two cultivars, indicating the diversity of cultivars in response to physiological processes to salinity stress. It is also possible to use this cultivar with further research into breeding and breeding programs of other sensitive quinoa cultivars.
Fatemeh Aghaei; Raouf Seyed Sharifi; Hamed Narimani
Abstract
IntroductionSoil salinity is one of the most serious limiting factors for crop growth and production in the arid and semi-arid regions due to increasing use of poor quality of irrigation water. Several strategies have been developed in order to decrease the toxic effects caused by high salinity on plant ...
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IntroductionSoil salinity is one of the most serious limiting factors for crop growth and production in the arid and semi-arid regions due to increasing use of poor quality of irrigation water. Several strategies have been developed in order to decrease the toxic effects caused by high salinity on plant growth. Among them, use of bio-fertilizers such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorhyza and also plant growth regulator such as uniconazole play a very important role in yield improvement. Inoculation of plants with native suitable microorganisms may decrease the deleterious effects of environmental stresses and increase stress tolerance of plants by a variety of mechanisms, including synthesis of phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinin and gibberellins, solubilization of minerals like phosphorus, production of siderophores and increase in nutrient uptake, N2 fixation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis is considered a valuable component in most agricultural systems due to their role in plant nutrition and soil health. So, application of bio fertilizers and uniconazole can improve crop yield under soil salinity stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was evaluation of yield and some biochemical traits of wheat under soil salinity stress in response to uniconazole and bio fertilizers application.Material and methodsIn order to evaluation of yield and some biochemical traits of wheat under soil salinity stress in response to uniconazole and bio fertilizers application, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardebili University in 2018. Treatments were included soil salinity in four levels (no application of salinity as control and application of 40, 80 and 120 mM soil salinity), by NaCl and application of uniconazole and bio fertilizers (control or no application of bio fertilizers and uniconazole, application of uniconazole, mycorrhiza fungi, pseudomonas putida, mycorrhiza with pseudomonas, mycorrhiza with uniconazole, both application of mycorrhiza with uniconazole and pseudomonas).Mycorrhiza fungi (mosseae) was purchased from the Zist Fanavar Turan corporation and soils were treated based on method of Gianinazzi et al. (2001). Psedomunas putida strain 186 was isolated from the rhizospheres of wheat by Research Institute of Soil and Water, Tehran, Iran. The soil was with pH about 7.8 and EC about 2.68 dsm-1. The wheat cultivar "zagros" was used in the experiment with plant density of 360 seeds m-2. For inoculation, seeds were coated with gum Arabic as an adhesive and rolled into the suspension of bacteria until uniformly coated. The strains and cell densities of microorganisms used as PGPR in this experiment were 1×107 colony forming units (CFU). Relative water content: Weight of fresh leaf was measured just after detached from the plants then taken turgid weight after leaf was incubated in distilled water for 24 h to obtain a full turgidity. Dry weight of leaf was measured after it was dried at 60°C for 24 h in an oven. Relative water content was measured according to the following formula (Chelah et al. 2011). RWC (%) = [(FW-DW) / (TW-DW)] × 100Where, RWC, FW, DW and TW are relative water content, fresh weight, dry weight and turgid weight respectively.Chlorophyll content: A portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502; Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Japan) was used to measure the leaf greenness of the wheat plants. Quantum yield: The quantum yield was measured by the uppermost fool expanded leaf using a fluorometer (chlorophyll fluorometer; Optic Science-OS-30 USA). Electrical conductivity: Electrical conductivity was calculated by following the standard method of Jodeh et al. (2015). Electrical conductivity (EC) values were measured at room temperature of 23±1 °C using an electrical-conductivity meter. At plant maturity, grain yield in each pot were harvested five plants per pot. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed using SAS ver 9.1 computer software packages. The main effects and interactions were tested using the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 probability level. Results and discussion The results showed that application of biofertilizers and uniconazole under no salinity condition decreased hydrogen peroxide content, malondialdehyde and electrobc conductivity of flag leaf (77.6, 115.52 and 241.48% respectively) in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers under 120 mM salinity. But, increased chlorophyll index, relative water content, quantum yield, grain 100 weight and spike length (60.21, 43.27, 30.47,46.66 and 51.34% respectively) in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers under 120 mM salinity condition. Also, application bio fertilizers and uniconazole increased grain yield per plant about 108.84% in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers at the highest soil salinity level. Based on the results of this study, it seems that bio fertilizers and uniconazole application can be suggested to improve of grain yield of wheat under soil salinity condition.
Nasrin Salari; Mehdi Dahmardeh; Issa Khammari; Mohammad Ali Karimyan
Abstract
IntroductionToday, increasing demand for plant products has been coupled with the reduction of the area of cultivated land due to the limitation of water and soil resources. Water and soil salinity are among the factors that prevent the yield of sufficient yield in crops. Live or non-live-stress tensions ...
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IntroductionToday, increasing demand for plant products has been coupled with the reduction of the area of cultivated land due to the limitation of water and soil resources. Water and soil salinity are among the factors that prevent the yield of sufficient yield in crops. Live or non-live-stress tensions can have negative effects on plant production and can even threaten the survival of a plant (Boyer, 1982). Salinity stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth and agricultural production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. However, passionate crops such as kochia can be used as a forage, soil remediation, biofuel and green space and carbon stabilizer (Khan and Ansari, 2008). Potassium is the dominant mineral ion in plant solutions and plays an important role in reducing osmotic potential in plant cells. Material and methodsThis research was carried out at the research farm of Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University in 2016-17. The experiment was split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Salinity stresses were classified into three levels including: 1, 7 and 14 dS.m-1 as the main plot and potassium sulfate fertilizer at three levels: 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1 as a sub plots. Each plot was four rows of cultivation, the distance between rows was 50 cm and the distance between 2 plants per row was 20 cm. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of planting. In this research, quantitative traits included: plant height, number of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant, leaf weight, leaf to stem ratio. And qualitative traits was measured include DMD, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), acid soluble fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP) and ash ( Ash). For evaluation of forage quality has been used, a NIR device or a near infrared spectrometer, which is the most accurate and, at the same time, the fastest technique for estimating the chemical composition of agricultural products.Analysis of variance of data was performed using SAS software version 9/1. The mean comparison of treatments was done using Duncan test at 5% level. Charts and tables were drawn using Excel and Word software.Results and discussionAccording to the results of analysis of variance of data (Table 2), the main effects of salt stress and potassium fertilizer also showed a significant effect on plant height. Comparison of the mean interactions of the investigated factors showed that at all salinity levels, along with increasing potassium fertilizer, the height also increased with the highest altitude with 300 kg.ha-1 potassium sulfate applications in salinity conditions of 1 dS.m-1 (Table 3). Results of analysis of variance of data (Table 4) showed that the effects of salinity stress and potassium fertilizer, as well as their interactions, did not show a significant effect on the DMD of the plant. Comparison of mean of traits showed that salinity stress (1 dsm-1) with 11.49% maximum water soluble carbohydrate and salinity level (14 dsm-1) with 11.44% of the lowest values (Table 5). Also, comparison of mean of traits showed that salinity stress (1 dsm-1) with 12.69% higher and salinity level (14 dsm-1) with the lowest crude protein was 12.34% (Table 5).Comparison of mean of traits showed that salinity stress (1 dsm-1) with 12.69% had the highest crude protein and salinity level (14 dsm-1) with 12.34% of the lowest values (Table 5). ConclusionsThe results of the study on the effect of salinity stress and different levels of potassium on the quantitative characteristics of Kochi showed that all quantitative traits were completely subjected to salt stress and significantly decreased. The highest forage yield belonged to irrigation with salinity of 1 dSm-1 and lowest for irrigation with salinity of 14 dsm-1. It seems that salinity was more effective on the quantitative traits of the plant and did not affect the quality of forage.
Roghaye Bamshad; Mahdi Kalanaki; Mojtaba Fazilatnia
Abstract
Introduction Nowadays, in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semiarid regions, are facing with freshwater crisis and increasing the salinity levels of agricultural lands. Estimates show that over 800 million hectares of soil (more than six percent of the world's land) are affected by different ...
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Introduction Nowadays, in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semiarid regions, are facing with freshwater crisis and increasing the salinity levels of agricultural lands. Estimates show that over 800 million hectares of soil (more than six percent of the world's land) are affected by different levels of salinity. Therefore, it is important to find and cultivate high beneficial plants as well as highly resistant salinity and drought conditions. One of the salt-tolerant native species in Iran is salicornia persica. This plant falls into the canopodiaceae family and it can grow in saline and alkalis soils without suitable drainage. These features of salicornia cause not require agricultural land or agricultural water for growth. salicornia oil is used in medicines (Traditional Medicine) to treat diseases such as bronchitis, liver swelling, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, anti-inflammation. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties that increase oil resistance to environmental conditions. Salt lands, unconventional waters such as drainage, saline or brackish water, and various climate in different parts of Iran have provided favorable conditions for this kind of cultivation. Therefore, the present study tries to discover some unknown points of morphological and biochemical responses of Salicornia persica. Materials and methods To study some morphological and biochemical characteristics of salicornia persica under the application of cow manure and saline water deficit irrigation in a factorial completely randomized design was conducted in 2018 with three replicates under greenhouse conditions at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Zahak (In Sistan and Baluchestan Province). Irrigation treatments included full irrigation with saline water (SI) as control, deficit irrigation with saline water under 75% level [(DSI75) 25% decrease compared to control] and deficit irrigation with saline water under 55% level [(DSI55) There was a 45% decrease compared to control]. A couple of traits such as fresh and dry root weight, dry biomass, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase, Ionic leakage, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, protein, and proline were measured. In order to measure the proline content of leaves by the Bates method (Bates, 1973), Carbon hydrate content was determined by Schlegel (1956).To measure Catalase Enzyme Activity (CAT) by method Beers and Sizer (1952) And guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) were used by a method (Urbanek et al., 1991). Analysis of variance was performed using SAS statistical software version 9.1. Mean comparisons at the 5% probability level were performed using Duncan's multiple range test and charting with Excel. Results The results showed a significant difference between the effects of cow manure, drought stress and interaction between them on most of the studied traits. By comparing the means, fresh and dry weights of root and protein respectively with means (1.647, 0.553, 9.47) were the highest The amount in the application of manure. and among the irrigation levels of fresh and dry root weights respectively with means (2.170, 0.595) at medium stress SI (DSI75) and chlorophyll b, carotenoid, carbohydrate, and protein, respectively with mean (0.138, 0.087, 9.07, 11.47) at intensive stress (DSI55) Showed the highest value. also Application of manure increased significantly the amount of biomass and catalase enzyme. Conclusion Compare to full irrigation, although a 25% reduction in saline water consumption leads to enhance of photosynthetic pigments and osmotic regulators, reduction of biomass under severe drought conditions, it seems that salicornia persica can tolerate Somewhat Drought stress, It is not highly tolerated to drought under intensive stress. So that this plant halophyte tolerates high salinity easily. The results also showed that the application of manure almost Most of the studied traits were reduced.
Sara Alinian Joozdani; Mohammad Rafieiolhossaini; Jamsgid Razmjoo; Babak Bahreininejad
Abstract
Introduction St John's wort is a valuable medicinal plant with treating depression and wound-healing. It’s belonging to the Hypericacea family that are rich in polyphenols. Hyperforin and Hypericin are two biological active substances of this species that have anticancer properties. In regard to ...
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Introduction St John's wort is a valuable medicinal plant with treating depression and wound-healing. It’s belonging to the Hypericacea family that are rich in polyphenols. Hyperforin and Hypericin are two biological active substances of this species that have anticancer properties. In regard to the pharmaceutical properties of this plant, the demand for St John's wort products has been increased. Therefor it’s required to investigate plant adaption to different growing condition such as salinity. Scarcity of water resources, soil and water salinity are concern of 21st century. Salinity is the main widespread water quality problem for crop production. Population growth, rapid urbanization, climate changes and lowering of the rainfall are the main causes of salinization of water and land. One way to reduce adverse effects of salt in salt affected areas is using compounds such as antioxidant. Ascorbic acid (AA) is the most abundant and small antioxidant molecule. It has been participating in ROS scavenging and led to broad tolerance to salt. Understanding the physiological and biochemical mechanism of St John's wort to salinity will be crucial for growing plants on salt affected soils or irrigated with saline water in the big scale. Materials and methods The pot experiment was done in factorial scheme in a completely randomized design with 3 replications during 2016 and 2017 spring season. In this experiment, St john’s wort plant (Hungarian variety) were treated by different saline water concentrations including 2 (control), 6 and10 dS/m and ascorbic acid foliar application (0 (control), 200, 400 mg/l). Treatments were started at 12 leaves stage (10 cm height). Foliar spray was carried out 2 times by 7 day interval. Salinity treatments were started 7 days after second spraying. The plants were harvested 30 days after the beginning of salinity treatments. Photosynthesis pigments of leaf, total phenols, hydrogen peroxide, cations (Na and K) and dry weight of shoot and root were measured. Results and discussion Based on results, salinity decreased photosynthesis pigments, carotenoid, leaf phenol, root potassium, K/Na Ratio in both leaf and root as well as shoot and root dry weights. But with increasing NaCl, hydrogen peroxide and sodium in both leaf and root parts increased. One of the reasons for the reduction in chlorophyll and carotenoids content is oxygen radicals which degrade chlorophyll. Phenolic compounds can play a critical role during salinity stress by minimizing the ionic imbalance caused by the presence of salts which in turn has a positive role in water absorption and balance in the plant. They have strong antioxidant activities, therefore may be used in defense against ROS that produces under stress. No significant changes found in root phenol and leaf potassium compared to the control. Unchanged potassium content in the leaves showed the roots ability to retain potassium as an important salt tolerance mechanism. stomatal pore can be closed by the accumulation of sodium and chloride, reduced carbon dioxide fixation and plant growth reduction. Ascorbic acid application increased, Chl a, Total Chl, carotenoid, leaf phenol, leaf potassium and sodium, shoot and root dry weights compared to control and decreased leaf and root hydrogen peroxide. During stress condition, Abscisic acid increases hydrogen peroxide which induces stomatal closure; while application of ascorbic acid reversed this action. In plants that treated with ascorbic acid and salinity, Chl a, leaf phenol, leaf and root hydrogen peroxide, leaf potassium, root K/ Na ratio, shoot and root dry weights reduced less compared to the plants which only treated with salinity. Conclusions Based on the results of this experiment increase in phenolic compounds due to their antioxidants properties, maintaining leaf potassium are possible salt tolerance mechanisms. The highest concentration of ascorbic acid (400 mg/l) was more effective in minimizing negative effects of salinity.
Zahra Dashti; Abbas Biabani; Leila Ahangar; Fakhtak Talie; Hossein Hosseini Moghadam
Abstract
Introduction The basil (Ocimum basilicum), is a medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family. Since these plants are quite rich in essential oils, they are commonly produced for economic purposes. Also these plants contain phenylpropanoid compounds. Basils are commonly used in gastronomy and oral health care. ...
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Introduction The basil (Ocimum basilicum), is a medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family. Since these plants are quite rich in essential oils, they are commonly produced for economic purposes. Also these plants contain phenylpropanoid compounds. Basils are commonly used in gastronomy and oral health care. Unfortunately, the production of theses crops is reduced under different stress. Salinity is the greatest concern in plant production and may result in serious losses in yields. There are 24 million ha of saline soil in Iran, which is equal to 15% of Iran's agricultural lands. Therefore, the use of elicitors can be very effective in improving the plant's resistance potential. Chitosan and Trichoderma fungus with elicitor’s action induce defense mechanisms of plants. Materials and methods In the present study in order to evaluated the effect of Trichoderma fungus and chitosan on tolerance to salinity stress of basil, two separate experiments were carried out in a greenhouse of a Gonbad-Kavous university in a factorial arrangement based on randomized compelete design with 3 repeats at 2016. At first experiment, at first seeds of basil inoculated with Trichoderma fungus, then these seeds were planted in pots. One month plants were treated salinity stress in 4 levels (0, 75,150 and 200 mM) of NaCl for 2 weeks. At second experiment, at first, one month plantsˈ leaves spray with chitosan. Then after 24 hours theses plants were exposed salinity stress like first experiments. Control treat without chitosan spray and inoculation with the fungus were conducted. Results The results of analysis of variance showed indicated that effect of chitosan, salinity and fungus on stem length, root length, root volume, fresh weight of stem, fresh weight of root, fresh weight of leaves, dry weight of stem, dry weight of root and harvest index were significant. While, the effect of chitosan × salt and fungus × salt was not significant for any of the studied treats. The findings showed a decrease of all of studied triats with increasing salinity levels, while chitosan and fungus pretreatment improved the effect of salinity stress. So that, the treated plant showed the significant increasing in all of the treats compared to control plants. Also the results showed chitosan and Trichoderma fungus pretreatment caused resistance to salinity stress up to 150 mM in basil. But increasing salinity stress up to 200 mM caused decrease tolerance in basil to salinity stress and yield loss in all studied treats. Conclusion The results of this study confirmed that chitosan and Trichoderma can act as biological elicitors. It seems that these elicitors by increasing the uptake of water and nutrients and better transfer of these substances in plant organs and ultimately lead to improvement of stem length and root length and increasing dry weight and fresh weight of stem and root on treated basil caused the negative effect of salinity stress in these plants were significantly reduced compared to control plants. Thus, it is suggested comprehensive molecular and enzymes studied is needed to better understand how chitosan and trichoderma fungi function in reducing stress effects.
Mahyar Gerami; Parastoo Majidian; Akram Ghorbanpour; Nasim Barati
Abstract
Introduction As medicinal plant, Aloysia citriodora (Family, Verbenaceae) is applied in nutritional and pharmacological purposes. According to the findings, many parameters relating to cultivation conditions may influence on the different factors of the herb and result in different percentage of concerned ...
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Introduction As medicinal plant, Aloysia citriodora (Family, Verbenaceae) is applied in nutritional and pharmacological purposes. According to the findings, many parameters relating to cultivation conditions may influence on the different factors of the herb and result in different percentage of concerned constituents. Among various stresses, salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. Salinity impairs plant growth and development via water stress, cytotoxicity due to excessive uptake of ions such as sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−), and nutritional imbalance. Additionally, salinity is typically accompanied by oxidative stress due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finding the method to overcome this issue is of great importance. Utilization of nano technologies to increase of medicinal plant production is one of significant aims of plant efficiency, which affects plant growth processes. Nanomaterials offer a wider specific surface area to fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, nanomaterials as unique carriers of agrochemicals facilitate the site-targeted controlled delivery of nutrients with increased crop protection. Among different nano materials, application of titanium nanoparticle in agricultural and nutritional industries is suitable due to its role in conservation, increase of photosynthesis and increment of tolerance to different kinds of stresses. Matherial sand methods In this study, the completely randomized factorial design was performed with two factors including titanium nano particle (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 ppm) and salt stress (0, 75, 159 mM of NaCl) with three replications in order to assess some of morphological and phytochemical properties of medicinal plant Aloysia citriodora L. The three months transplants were prepared from the greenhouse of the Iranian Institute of Medicinal Plant. After transferring the transplants to Sana Institute of Higher Education, they were cultivated into plastic vases containing perlit and pitmoss with light/dark period of 16/8 h, humidity percentage of 60% and temperature of 25°C. After the last treatment, the whole plant was harvested, washed and the plant height was measured by ruler. In order to measure the dry weight of shoot and root, these parts were separated and placed into paper envelope to be dried in oven at 121°C for 12 h. for calculating the wet and dry weights of shoot and root, we used the weigh machine (Sartatius) with accuracy of 0.1 g. In order to assess the physiological traits, the leaves and roots of three plants in each replication were collected conserving at -20°C. Then, the physiological properties such as chlrorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents were measured. The analysis of variance, mean comparison, simple correlation and step-by-step regression were performed based on SAS software version 9.4. Result The result showed that salt stress caused decrease of wet and dry weight of root and shoot. While, the increase trend of these traits was indicated based on titanium nanoparticle effect. The obtained result from correlation and regression analysis of the studied traits showed that the shoot dry weight had the most direct effect on shoot dry weight yield with coefficient of determination of 0.82 (R2). The mean comparison of chlorophyll contents (a, b and total) were increased by increment of titanium nanoparticle concentration. However, the chlorophyll contents were decreased by increase of salt stress levels. In addition, the interaction effect of elicitor and salt stress showed that carotenoid and anthocyanin contents were increased by 400 ppm of titanium under 75 and 150 mM of salt stress.
