Breeding plants for stress conditions
Amir mohammad Mahdavi; Nadali Babaeian Jelodar; Ezatallah Farshadfar; Nadali Bagheri
Abstract
IntroductionThe necessity of considering wheat production as the staple food of most people in the world reveals the urgent need to produce this strategic product. The most important aspect of producing advanced lines in addition to yield consideration is the stability of the studied traits, especially ...
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IntroductionThe necessity of considering wheat production as the staple food of most people in the world reveals the urgent need to produce this strategic product. The most important aspect of producing advanced lines in addition to yield consideration is the stability of the studied traits, especially the stability of grain yield in different environments.Materials and methodsIn this study, 23 bread wheat genotypes with 2 cultivars as control during three cropping years at Razi University of Kermanshah Agricultural Research Field were tested by randomized complete block design with three replications in two irrigated (no stress) and rainfed environments (stress) was implemented. After determining the performance of each genotype, by first performing Bartlett test and proving homogeneity of variance, combined analysis of variance was performed assuming the effect of genotypes and environment (year and location) constant. Non-parametric univariate stability statistics based on Nasser and Huhn's (1987) and Tennarasu's (1995) criteria were used for selection of stable wheat genotypes. Next, the genotype effect + genotype×environment (GGE) biplot suggested by Yan et al. (2007) was used. Other analyzes were performed using SPSS 16 and Genstat 12 software.Results and discussionIn this analysis, F-test was used to investigate the significant effects of variance components of grain yield based on the model (random effect of year and fixed effects of genotype and location). There was a significant difference between places, years, genotypes, interactions of year × place, year × genotype, place × genotype, year × place × genotype at the statistical probability level of 1%. Therefore, the results showed that the studied wheat genotypes showed different reactions in the studied environments. Also, the years and places studied had different effects on the performance of genotypes The Nonparametric statistics studied for selection of stable genotypes from the studied cultivars were evaluated based on the proposed criteria of Nasser and Hoon (Nasser and Huhn, 1987) and Thennarasu (1995). The results indicated that Si(1) usually had higher mathematical expectation and smaller variance than Si(2) in the Nasser and Huhn (1987) method, so the accuracy of Si(1) in selecting genotypes was higher. Stability can be far greater than Si(2) statistics. In this regard, Kaya and Taner (2003) have described the simplicity of calculating the Si(1) statistic as the reason for its preference over the Si(2) statistic. Graphical analysis was used to study the variety of cultivars, environments and the interaction of genotypes and environments. The results of GGE biplot showed that the first and second principal components accounted for 43.1% and 20.9%, respectively, of 64% of the total variation, indicating the relative validity of the biplot in justifying G + GE changes.ConclusionsOverall, a closer examination of the results of nonparametric statistics indicated that genotypes 3 and 8 (Vanguard) were identified as the most stable genotypes by the two statistics Si(1) and Si(2). Whereas, Si(3) and Si(6) statistics identified genotypes 15 (pioneer) and 13 as stable genotypes. According to NPi(1) statistics, genotype 12 was the most stable genotype according to NPi(2), NPi(3) and NPi(4) statistics. This suggests that the use of nonparametric methods by Tennarasu (1995) and Nasser and Huhn (1987) may not lead to the selection of high yielding stable genotypes Soughi et al., (2016). In a study by Abdulahi et al. (2007) on the stability of safflower seed yield, they stated that the statistics of Si(1), Si(2) and Si(3) actually represent a static concept of stability and dependence. They were not significant with mean performance. Therefore, the use of multivariate methods of sustainability decomposition that actually discusses the dynamic concept of sustainability can be important. Overall, the results of multivariate stability analysis showed that GGE Biplot is a suitable method for simultaneous selection of stability and yield of cultivars and lines. In this study, GGE biplot results showed that 20, 17, 15 (pioneer), 9, 6 and 20 genotypes with average yield were among the most stable genotypes in terms of grain yield among studied genotypes., 22 and 24 were identified as the most undesirable genotypes for stability and yield.AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank the colleagues of the Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Razi University of Kermanshah, as well as the technicians involved in this research project, who ultimately contributed to providing the facilities needed to carry out this research.
Drought stress
Aram Sharifi-Zagheh; Mostafa Khodadadi; Amir Gholizadeh
Abstract
IntroductionCoriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herb of the umbel family and is belonged from North Africa to south-western of Asia. Coriander is one of the important medicinal plant that used in the pharmaceutical industry and it mainly cultivated and widely distributed for the fruits. The ...
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IntroductionCoriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herb of the umbel family and is belonged from North Africa to south-western of Asia. Coriander is one of the important medicinal plant that used in the pharmaceutical industry and it mainly cultivated and widely distributed for the fruits. The dried fruits are widely employed as a condiment, especially for flavoring of sauces, meat products and bakery and confectionery items. Also, coriander fruits are as a source of essential oils and fatty oil. Water deficit stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and survival of plants in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Water is a major component of the fresh produce and significantly effects on weight and quality of plants. Also, water deficit may cause significant changes in the yield and composition of essential oils in aromatic and medicine plants. So that, was reported that water deficit increased essential oil percentage in coriander but decreased essential oil yield. Iran with an average annual rainfall of 240 mm is included among arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Of the million hectares of cultivated region, only five millions are under irrigation because of intense water limitations. However, Iran is one of the world’s commercial coriander producers. Coriander has been cultivated for many years in different parts of Iran. Therefore, development of drought-tolerant cultivars with high essential oil yield is important in coriander. The objective of this study was evaluation general combination ability of endemic coriander genotypes for fruit yield, yield components and essential oil content under different watering regimes.Materials and MethodsF14 half sib families including TN-59-10, TN-59-36, TN-59-80, TN-59-158, TN-59-160, TN-59-164, TN-59-230, TN-59-306, TN-59-347, TN-59-353, TN-59-357, TN-59-422, TN-59-450 and commercial genotype were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications in each experiment during growing season of 2016 in the research field of Tarbiat Modares University. Plants were treated with different levels of water treatment: well watered (WW), moderate water stress (MWS) and severe water stress (SWS).Results and DiscussionResults of data analysis revealed that total chlorophyll (86.32%), fruit yield (98.56%) and essential oil content (48.85%) exhibited the most phenotypic coefficients of variation in non-stress, moderate stress and severe stress conditions, respectively. Also, the most genotypic coefficients of variation in non-stress, moderate stress and severe stress estimated for essential oil content (79.86%), fruit yield (43.76%) and essential oil content (45.5%) respectively. Results of cluster analysis using general combining ability (GCA) data revealed that F8, F9, F10 and F14 are suitable for synthetic variety production to cultivate in full irrigated condition because these genotypes had high GCA for fruit yield and its component. F1, F7 and F11 are suitable to produce high fruit and essential oil yielding variety in moderate drought stress. Also, F6, F7, F11, F13 and F14 suggested as donor for fruit yield and F1, F3, F7, F9 and F12 for essential oil content in severe drought stress.ConclusionGenerally, the results indicated that that F8, F9, F10 and F14 are suitable for synthetic variety production to cultivate in full irrigated condition because these genotypes had high GCA for fruit yield and its component. F1, F7 and F11 are suitable to produce high fruit and essential oil yielding variety in moderate drought stress. Also, F6, F7, F11, F13 and F14 suggested as donor for fruit yield and F1, F3, F7, F9 and F12 for essential oil content in severe drought stress.AcknowledgementsThe authors thank from the Gene bank of the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute of Karaj, Iran for making available plant materials
Drought stress
Sajad Eisapour Nakhjiri; Majid Ashouri; Seyed Mostafa Sadeghi; Naser Mohammadian Rowshan; Mojtaba Rezaee
Abstract
IntroductionDrought stress is a limiting factor for growth in crops. Water and nitrogen relationships in the crop change in drought stress. The role of nitrogen in plant response during drought stress depends on the stress intensity and fertilizer level. Plants with relatively high nitrogen availability ...
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IntroductionDrought stress is a limiting factor for growth in crops. Water and nitrogen relationships in the crop change in drought stress. The role of nitrogen in plant response during drought stress depends on the stress intensity and fertilizer level. Plants with relatively high nitrogen availability show better growth compared to plants with low nitrogen in drought stress. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of drought stress and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on morphological and physiological traits in two rice cultivars.Materials and methodsThe present study was conducted in Rasht in 2017 and 2018. The experimental design was split plot plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors were drought stress (main factor) at three levels (continuous submergence, 7 and 14 days irrigation interval), N fertilizer (sub factor) in three levels (50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1) and sub sub factor in two levels (cv. Hashemi, Gilaneh). The size of the experimental units was 9 m-2 (plot dimensions 3 × 3). To control weeds, butachlor herbicide (3 L ha-1) was used after planting and manual weeding. To calculate the maximum leaf area index, 10 days after transplanting, 7 sampling steps were performed every 10 days until the harvest stage and in each sampling, four mounds from each floor plot and total leaf area were determined. To determine the dry matter, sampling was done in the complete ripening stage after removing the margins from the middle rows of plots and all one square meter plants were harvested. The samples were placed separately in an oven at 75 ° C for 72 hours and then weighed and recorded.Results and discussionResults showed that the impact of year and on shoot height, flag leaf length and width, RWC, SPAD and k were not significant but on LAImax, total dry matter were significant. Impact of drought stress × N fertilizer × cultivar on RWC, SPAD and k were significant. Impact of year × drought stress × N fertilizer × cultivar on LAImax and total dry matter were significant (p<0.01). Shoot height, LAImax, total dry matter, flag leaf length and width, RWC, SPAD were decreased by drought stress and were improved by increase of N fertilizer consumption under the three condition of drought stress. The lowest k (0.14) was obtained in continuous submergence and consumption of 100 kg ha-1 N fertilizer, which was same in two cultivars. The highest total dry matter accumulation (803.3 g m-2 in 2017 and 760.7 g m-2 in 2018) was obtained in Gilaneh with consumption of 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer in continuous submergence. The highest number of SPAD in flooding with 51.8 with 100 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare in Gilaneh cultivar and the lowest with 50 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare in 14 days irrigation cycle and in Gilaneh cultivar (27.65) was obtained. Hashemi cultivar showed the highest plant height (131.1 cm) in flood irrigation and the lowest plant height in 14 day irrigation (131.6 cm). Gilaneh cultivar, similar to Hashemi cultivar, showed the highest height (110.5 cm) in flood irrigation and the lowest height (100.6 cm) in 14 day irrigation. ConclusionsDrought stress showed adverse effects on morphological and physiological traits, while the application of 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer compared to the other levels improve these traits in both cultivars stress and not-stress, and produce more dry matter in both years of study. Therefore, when there is not enough water for irrigation, it is possible to moderate the effects of water stress by using the optimal amount of nitrogen fertilizer. It can help to produce more dry matter and achieve higher yield.
Drought stress
Farzane Fazeli; Gholam Ali Akbari; Gholam Abbas Akbari; Ali Naderi Arefi; Fatemeh Benakashani
Abstract
IntroductionIn the near future, agricultural production will need to increase to feed the world's growing population with less fresh water available. Non-living stresses such as drought and salinity are common environmental factors that affect plant growth and are one of the most important factors determining ...
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IntroductionIn the near future, agricultural production will need to increase to feed the world's growing population with less fresh water available. Non-living stresses such as drought and salinity are common environmental factors that affect plant growth and are one of the most important factors determining the geographical distribution of vegetation and limiting the yield of agricultural products (Schulze et al., 2005; Gregory, 2006; Lin et al., 2006). One of the management options to minimize the impact of salinity and drought stress is to introduce species that tolerate these conditions with good adaptation in terms of quantitative and qualitative performance. Chenopodium quinoa is a crop that tolerates a combination of incompatible factors (Jacobsen et al., 2003). In this regard, in this study, the effect of irrigation cycle on morphological and physiological characteristics of different quinoa cultivars in Garmsar city was investigated. Materials and methodsPlant materials including seeds of 3 new quinoa plant genotypes (Table 1) with variety of maturity and yield were obtained from Karaj Seed and Seedling Registration and Certification Research Institute. This experiment was carried out in 1397, in Garmsar Agricultural Research Station as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Garmsar city with an average annual rainfall of 125 mm and an altitude of 850 meters above sea level has a hot and dry climate. The first factor was irrigation cycle at three levels (8, 12 and 16 days) and the second factor was genotype (Titicaca, Q26 and Q29). Due to the sensitivity of the plant at the time of germination and in order to establish it completely, the first two irrigations were performed equally for all treatments at intervals of 5 days. Results and discussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation cycle and genotype on all studied traits (plant height, main cluster length, and main cluster weight, number of branches per plant, 1000-seed weight, and yield per hectare and harvest index) was significant at 1% probability level. Comparison of the mean interaction of irrigation intervals and genotype showed that there was a significant difference between treatments in grain yield, main cluster length and cluster weight. ConclusionsIncreasing population and the need for more food put additional pressure on the environment, especially water resources and agricultural ecosystems. One of the plants that has been considered today due to climate change is quinoa (Salehi and Dehghani, 2018). The purpose of this study was to investigate the management of water resources and select the appropriate genotype for cultivation in Garmsar region. The results indicate that until the introduction of superior cultivars, Titicaca genotype has good yield potential for cultivation in this city and similar areas. Also, despite the high yield in the interval of irrigation once every 8 days, for better management of resources, the interval of irrigation once every 12 days can be used.
Drought stress
Samira Gholipur Noveyri; Golam Reza Zamani; Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi
Abstract
IntroductionReduce moisture levels are the most important factor, which limit growth and yield production in arid and semiarid regions. Sesame is usually a plant in arid and semi-arid regions that is exposed to various stresses during its growth period. Depending on the plant susceptibility, each of ...
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IntroductionReduce moisture levels are the most important factor, which limit growth and yield production in arid and semiarid regions. Sesame is usually a plant in arid and semi-arid regions that is exposed to various stresses during its growth period. Depending on the plant susceptibility, each of the stresses can have different effects on their growth, metabolism and function. Drought stress affects a vast range of plant morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, for example, it results in altered water relations, suppressed cellular activities reduced content of chlorophyll and carotenoids induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proline plays a major role in osmotic adjustment and protects the cells by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). While Application of some elements reduces the negative effects of stress, including calcium ion, which has significant effects on the physiological processes of plants and improves morphological and biochemical traits of plants under stress. In recent years, several reports have been suggested to increase plant tolerance to stresses, such as the use of growth regulators and the relationships between polyamines and environmental stresses. The most important polyamines include putrescine, spermidine and spermine. Some of the physiological processes such as cell division and plant development could be altered by these growth regulators. Putrescine accumulates in plant tissues during stress, causing plants to withstand abiotic stresses, including drought.Materials and methodsIn order to study the effects of Putrescin and Calcium Nitrate application on some physiological and biochemical traits of sesame under different moisture levels a Spilt plot- factorial experiment was conducted based on block complete randomized design with three replications in research farm of Birjand university in 2018. In this experiment, Moisture levels treatments with tree levels were (100%, 75%, and 50%) as main factor and foliar application Calcium nitrate at tree levels (0, 5, 10 Mm) and Putrescine in two levels (0.5 Mm, spray with water) as the second factor were studied. In this experiment traits measured including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll index, Proline, number of grain per plant, number of capsule per plant, thousand–seed weight and grain yield. Results and discussionThe results of ANOVA showed that the interaction of Moisture levels × calcium nitrate × putrescine had significant effect on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll index, Proline, number of grain per plant, number of capsule per plant, and grain yield. Drought stress has had a significant effect on sesame seed yield and severe stress resulted in a decrease in seed yield. The highest grain yield respectively was obtained from 100% and 75% water requirement levels and the lowest with an average of (376.8 kg ha-1) from 50% water requirement. The highest proline was obtained from 50 percent water requirement and the lowest with from 100% water the difference between the minimum value and the maximum value was 64%.Interaction of calcium nitrate and putrescine on thousand–seed weight was significant (P≤0.05). The results also showed that the highest grain yield on all measured traits obtained when using foliar application of calcium nitrate (10 Mm) and putrescine. ConclusionsIt was observed that sesame has had a relative tolerance to moisture restriction so that 75% of water requirement stress could not have a significant effect on yield and yield components and stress of 50% water requirement was caused 40% reduction in grain yield in this plant. It was also observed that moisture stress led to has been increased proline production in the plant. Causes of increased proline content at conditions under stress can be the production of free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Foliar application of putrescine and calcium nitrate was increased stress tolerance and improved yield and yield components of sesame. Concomitant use of putrescine and calcium nitrate had been a synergistic effect so that the highest foliar application efficiency was observed from the simultaneous use of 10 Mm calcium nitrate and 0.5 Mm putrescine.
Drought stress
Sajad Rajaei-Nejad; Shahrokh Jahanbin; Hamidreza Balouchi
Abstract
IntroductionThe common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is considered one of the most important legume crops in the world. It is a staple food for over 300 million people in Latin America and Africa and an important source of protein, fiber, carbohydrates, and trace minerals. Common bean is grown predominantly ...
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IntroductionThe common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is considered one of the most important legume crops in the world. It is a staple food for over 300 million people in Latin America and Africa and an important source of protein, fiber, carbohydrates, and trace minerals. Common bean is grown predominantly by small farmers, often in marginal regions, where crop yields are frequently affected by many abiotic factors, in particular water deficit. This study aimed to investigate the effect of water scarcity stress on vegetative and reproductive growth stages on contrary to physiological and agronomic processes in four pinto bean cultivars which evaluated these four cultivars against water scarcity stress. Materials and methodsIn order to study the effect of drought stress levels on some physiological characteristics, yield, and yield components of different bean cultivars, an experiment was conducted with three replication in the crop year of 2014 at as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design Yasouj University. The main factor of the experiment included normal irrigation (Irrigation after 4 days), mild stress (Irrigation after 7 days) and sever stress (Irrigation after 10 days) and the sub-factor included four bean genotypes (Talash cultivar, Sadri cultivar, Khomein local cultivar, Koosha cultivar). Evaluation traits studied physiological characteristics including chlorophyll index, water use efficiency, leaf proline, Yield and yield components (number of pods in plant, number of grain per plant, number of garin per pod, 100-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index). Results and discussionThe results this research showed that the effect interaction drought stress × cultivar on grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll, leaf proline, and water use efficiency were not significant, but on characteristics number of pods per plant, number of grain per plant, number of grain per pod, and 100-grain weight was significant. The results showed a decrease in the mean of characteristics in drought stress conditions compared to normal irrigation conditions. So that the highest grain yield under normal irrigation conditions with an average of 2304.17 kg/ha and the lowest belonged to severe stress with an average of 1931.25 kg/ha. The rate of decrease in chlorophyll and biological yield in the Talash cultivar compared to the Koosha cultivar was about 26 and 17%, respectively, and the increase in proline in the Talash cultivar compared to the Koosha cultivar was 60%. ConclusionTalash cultivar in most plant traits, including yield and yield components, had the highest amount among other cultivars of pinto beans, in such environmental conditions, this cultivar can be introduced as drought-tolerant, and considering that cultivar Koosha in Most plant traits, including yield and yield components, had the lowest rate among other cultivars of pinto beans. In such environmental conditions, this cultivar can be introduced as drought sensitive.
Drought stress
Sadegh Asadi; Hosein Moghaddam; Hasanali Naghdi Badi; Mohammad Reza Naghavi; Seyed Alireza Salami
Abstract
IntroductionCannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an herbaceous annual plant belongs to Cannabacea Family. (Ahmad et al., 2008). The resistance to water shortage, the ability to grow in different climatic conditions, and great genetic diversity are features of this plant (Amaducci et al., 2008). Drought is ...
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IntroductionCannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an herbaceous annual plant belongs to Cannabacea Family. (Ahmad et al., 2008). The resistance to water shortage, the ability to grow in different climatic conditions, and great genetic diversity are features of this plant (Amaducci et al., 2008). Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses limiting crop production worldwide and has adverse effects on plant growth, development, which may result in decreased chlorophyll a and b and increased proline content of leaf (Lum et al., 2014; Karimi et al., 2016). Plants generally adapt to drought stress by inducing a variety of physiological, biochemical, and morphological responses, and each of these factors can be effective in introducing drought tolerant cultivars. Among the physiological properties, leaf water condition, membrane stability, photosynthetic changes and related factors are of great importance (Farooq et al., 2009). Considering the pharmaceutical and industrial importance of cannabis, this study was conducted to identify the drought tolerant and sensitive ecotypes of cannabis based on physiological responses.Material and MethodThis study was done in research greenhouse of University of Tehran, Iran, from February to July 2017 on the base of factorial experiment in as a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The first factor consisted of three soil moisture levels [100% (normal irrigation), 75% (mild drought stress), and 50% (serve drought stress)] of field capacity (FC). Also, the 12 Iranian ecotypes of cannabis were the second factor where collected from different geographical regions of Iran including Urmia, Tabriz, Sanandaj, Dasht-e-Moghan, Rasht, Khomein, Daran, Qom, Shahrood, Kerman, Tabas, and Saravan. The seedlings thinning was done at 3-4 leaf pairs stage and four plants were maintained in each pot. At the time point of sex determination of plants, one female plant was kept for future study. The irrigation was done uniformly to all pots until the emergence of fifth pair of leaves and afterwards, irrigation treatments were applied. During applying irrigation treatments, the soil humidity of the pots was measured before each irrigation cycle. Relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content and carotenoid pigments, proline content, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes were measured at full flowering period - early fruiting. The analyses of variance of obtained data were down using SAS software (v.9.2) and Duncan's multiple ranges test was used for comparing the averages at the significance level of α = 0.05.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest value of relative water content was obtained from the normal irrigation, which was 77.21% and was reduced to 16.70 and 31.13% under mild and serve drought stress, respectively. Interaction effect of Irrigation levels and ecotypes showed that Urmia ecotype had the highest value of relative water content in normal irrigation treatment, and Tabriz ecotype had lowest value of this parameter in severe drought stress. The electrolyte leakage Index was decreased by 10.54 and 24.11% at mild and severe drought stress, compared to normal irrigation, respectively. The highest value of electrolyte leakage was obtained from Tabriz ecotype in severe drought stress, and the lowest value of this parameter was obtained from Tabas and Saravan ecotypes in normal irrigation treatment. The highest values of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content were obtained for Tabas and Urmia ecotypes with 0.61 and 2.25 (mg.g-1 fw), respectively, at normal irrigation treatment. The lowest values of this parameters were obtained for Tabriz and Dasht-e-Moghan ecotypes with 0.17 and 0.84 (mg.g-1 fw), respectively, in severe drought stress. Water deficit decreased 28.12% of carotenoid pigments at severe drought stress compared to normal irrigation, and it increased values of proline, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes with 47.06, 29.18 and 22.78 (%) respectively, at severe drought stress compared to normal condition. The highest values of carotenoid pigments, proline, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes were observed in the ecotypes of Tabas, Urmia, Qom and Urmia [0.79 (mg.g-1 fw), 1.27 (mg.g-1fw), 0.0820 and 0.5800(Mc.min-1 mg-1 pro), respectively], and the lowest values of them were obtained for Tabriz, Dasht-e-Moghan, Khomein and Rasht ecotypes [0.34 (mg.g-1fw),0.48 (mg.g-1 fw), 0.0396 and 0.2744 (Mc.min-1 mg-1 pro), respectively].ConclusionThe results of this study showed that Tabas ecotype had a significant advantage in maintaining relative water content, maintaining chlorophyll content and maintaining membrane stability. The Tabriz Ecotype is the most sensitive ecotype for drought conditions. Because it lost the most values of the relative water content, chlorophyll content and membrane stability in stress condition compared to other ecotypes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the physiological parameters measured under drought stress conditions can be used as a criterion for the identification of tolerant and sensitive ecotypes.
Drought stress
Masood Gholami; Seyed Ataollah Siadat; Ahmad Koochakzadeh; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; Massod Rrafiei
Abstract
IntroductionCanola is one of the main oilseed crops. The effect of Azotobacter chroococcum as one of the biological fertilizer on the quantity and quality of rapeseed can be investigated. The presence of azotobacter in soils has positive effects on plants. Adequate moisture can promote vegetative growth, ...
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IntroductionCanola is one of the main oilseed crops. The effect of Azotobacter chroococcum as one of the biological fertilizer on the quantity and quality of rapeseed can be investigated. The presence of azotobacter in soils has positive effects on plants. Adequate moisture can promote vegetative growth, improve root growth, increase leaf area and durability, prolong flowering period, shoots, number of flowers and grain per pod, seed weight and yield. Moisture stress reduces the quantity and quality of these traits in rapeseed. The aim of this study was to find the right strain, suitable cultivar and appropriate irrigation regime for end of canola season water stress to save water in Lorestan province.Material and methodsIn order to evaluate the amount of protein, proline, soluble sugars and photosynthetic antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll and carotenoids of rapeseed cultivars under the influence of inoculation of Azotobacter chrooccocum in cut off irrigation conditions, an experiment was conducted in the year 2016-2017 at Sarab Chengai Agricultural Research Station, Khorramabad as a factorial split plot with randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Experimental factors included discontinuation of irrigation at 30% flowering and 30% pod forming stages and optimum irrigation (control), Azotobacter chrooccocum included 63, 70 strains and non-inoculated (control) and three rapeseed genotypes including Neptune, Octane and Okapi (control).Results and discussionResults showed that the effect of irrigation interruption on grain yield, proline content, soluble sugars, proteins, antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments of green tissue was significant. The effect of azotobacter chroococcum strains on all of these traits except grain yield and proline was significant. Rapeseed cultivars differed significantly in terms of seed yield, soluble sugars, enzyme catalase and chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll a + b. in terms of the accumulation of proline, protein, peroxidase enzyme, carotenoid, chlorophyll a And the chlorophyll a/b ratio was not significantly Different between cultivars. The highest levels of proline, soluble sugars, antioxidant enzymes were obtained in the irrigation cessation treatment from the 30% flowering stage and the highest amount of protein and photosynthetic pigments were obtained from the normal irrigation treatment. Inoculation of rapeseed with Azotobacter chrooccocum strains increased the protein, total chlorophyll and carotenoid of the compared to the non-inoculated treatment. Octane and Neptune hybrids outperformed the total chlorophyll a+b of aerial organisms in terms of the enzyme catalase. However, the Okapi (control) cultivar was superior to octane and Neptune hybrids in terms of soluble sugars. The highest grain yield (4559 kg / ha) was observed in the optimal irrigation (control). In the irrigation cut-off 30% of silique and 30% flowering stages, decreased grain yield (5.99% and 23.65%, respectively) compared to optimal irrigation. Seed yield of Octane and Neptune cultivars were 4584 and 4290 kg ha-1, respectively, which were 24.7% and 19.6% more than Okapi (control) cultivars, respectively.According to the results, Interaction Effects showed that rapeseed cultivars produced the highest protein content in the treatment of normal irrigation and inoculation with 63 and 70 Aztobacter chroococcum strains. The lowest green organ protein was obtained from treatments of non-inoculated and irrigation discontinuation from 30% flowering and 30% pod forming stages. Irrigation interruptions led to a significant increase in proline concentration in canola. In irrigation cessation treatment, 30% flowering and normal irrigation were observed with the lowest and highest proline concentrations, respectively. Probably related to its role in regulating osmosis to stabilize cellular membranes and proteins, inhibiting free radicals under stress. Irrigation witholding at 30% flowering and 30% pod forming resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant peroxidase and catalase enzymes activities. Azotobacter chrooccocum strains significantly reduced the levels of peroxidase and catalase enzymes in the rapeseed aerial parts. It is possible that by inoculating the Azotobacter chrooccocum, the plant is less likely to show signs of stress. Irrigation discontinuation significantly reduced chlorophyll a, b, and total levels compared to normal irrigation, possibly due to increased chlorophylase enzyme activity. The interactions between irrigation interruptions, azotobacter inoculation and rapeseed cultivars on the amount of chlorophyll a showed that Neptune and Octane hybrids produced the highest amount of chlorophyll a in the treatment with 70 strain in normal irrigation treatment. The same effects on chlorophyll b levels showed that the highest chlorophyll b levels were observed in octane and Neptune hybrids at 63 and 70 strains in normal irrigation and the lowest chlorophyll b content was observed in octane-free treatment without inoculation with irrigation cessation treatment from 30% flowering stage. Octane hybrid produced the highest total chlorophyll a + b in normal irrigation and bacterial inoculation of the strain 70. The highest accumulation of carotenoids was 0.430 mg g-1 FW in octane hybrid in strain 63 and normal irrigation. The lowest accumulation of carotenoids in was obtained from the untreated bacterium. The concentration of soluble sugars in the cultivars varied. The highest soluble sugars in the Okapi cultivar weighed 56.341 mg g-1 FW and produced less sugar Neptune with 54.89 and octane with 51.960 mg g-1 FW. Therefore, it seems that the accumulation rate of these osmotic regulators is related to higher drought resistance of cultivars.
Drought stress
Niloofar Nikbakht; Abdolrazagh Danesh Shahraki; Mehrana Koohi Dehkordi
Abstract
IntroductionLemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) as an aromatic medicinal plant belongs to the genus mentha and has a variety of uses. Nowadays, due to the increasing popularity of medicinal plants, the area under these plants’ cultivation continue to increase. However, problems such as environmental ...
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IntroductionLemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) as an aromatic medicinal plant belongs to the genus mentha and has a variety of uses. Nowadays, due to the increasing popularity of medicinal plants, the area under these plants’ cultivation continue to increase. However, problems such as environmental stresses limit the development of these plants’ cultivation. Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and yield of agricultural products around the world. The use of growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria (PGPR) as a biofertilizer with the aim of reducing the damage caused by environmental stresses is considered as one of the new solutions in sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In this regard, this study was designed and conducted to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on agro-morphological characters of Lemon Balm under water deficit stress Materials and methodsThis experiment was done during 2018-2019 growing season at the research field of the faculty of agricultural, Shahrekord University as split-plot factorial in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. water deficit in three levels (full irrigation, 75 and 50 present of full irrigation) and inoculation with PGPRs at five levels (Control (No bacterial inoculation), Inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum, Bacillus sp. strain A, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Streptomyces rimosus) considered as main and sub factors, respectively. The amount of irrigation water was calculated using plant water requirement. Leaf area was measured with Digimizer software. After harvesting, first the plant height was measured and then the number of main and sub-branches was counted and the leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and biological yield were determined. SAS and Excel softwares implemented for statistical analysis and the means were compared using LSD test. Results and discussionThe results showed that the effect of bacteria and drought stress on plant height, number of main branches, number of sub-branches, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf area, essential oil percent, biological yield and essential oil yield were significant. With increasing stress intensity, all studied traits were decreased. So that by applying 50% of full irrigation, plant height, leaf area and biological yield were reduced by 39.4%, 67.4% and 60.5%, respectively, compared to full irrigation treatment. While inoculation of plants with PGPRs caused a significant increase in these traits compared to the control treatment (No bacterial inoculation). The interaction effect of the studied treatments on the number of main branches, number of sub-branches, stem dry weight, leaf area, essential oil percent, biological yield and essential oil yield was significant. At full irrigation treatment, the highest biological yield was observed in inoculated treatments of Azospirillum lipoferum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, which increased biological yield by 58.2% and 53.09%, respectively, compared to the control. At 75 and 50% of full irrigation treatments, the highest biological yield and essential oil yield were observed in inoculated treatments of Azospirillum lipoferum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. In all the studied treatments, increasing the intensity of drought stress reduced the biological and essential oil yield, but inoculated bacteria were able to increase the biological and essential oil yield compared to the bacterial control treatments. ConclusionThe results of this study showed that increasing water deficit stress causing significant reduction of all studied traits. However, the use of bacteria reduced the effects of stress and increased these traits compared to non-inoculated at all water deficit stress levels. Also among bacterial treatments, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, A. lipoferum and S. rimosus had the most effect on stress improvement.
Drought stress
Majedeh Abbasi; Abbas Maleki; Mohammad Mirzaei Heydari; Mahmoud Rostaminya
Abstract
IntroductionDrought stress is one of the main causes of plant growth limitation that has affected most of the world's agricultural lands. Due to the location of Iran in the almost arid and semi-arid region of the world and also the lack of moisture in such areas, there is a possibility of water shortage ...
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IntroductionDrought stress is one of the main causes of plant growth limitation that has affected most of the world's agricultural lands. Due to the location of Iran in the almost arid and semi-arid region of the world and also the lack of moisture in such areas, there is a possibility of water shortage stress in most of the growth stages of plants. Mung bean cultivation is severely affected by drought stress, while micronutrients such as iron and zinc nanoparticles can reduce the effects of drought stress. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal and nano-iron and zinc fertilizer coexistence on quantitative and qualitative performance and absorption of mung bean elements under different irrigation regimes.Material and methodsThis test was performed in 2017 in two regions of Mehran and Malekshahi. The experiment was performed as a split-factor in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors included irrigation regimes at three levels: no stress, moderate stress, and severe dehydration stress, which were evaporated at 60, 90, and 120 mm, respectively, at these levels. The sub-factor includes nano-fertilizers at four levels (no fertilizers, zinc nano-chelates, iron nano-chelates and the combined application of zinc and iron nano-chelates) with the application of Arbuscolar mycorrhizal fungi on two levels (control and inoculation with fungi). Took. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software.Results and discussionThe effect of irrigation, nano-fertilizer, mycorrhiza and their dual effects on biological yield and mung bean seed yield were significant. The double effect (irrigation × mycorrhiza) and the triple interaction effect on grain yield were significant. The yield of mung bean seeds in the plants of Malekshahi region was higher than the plants of Mehran region. The use of iron and zinc nano-fertilizers increased the yield of mung bean seeds in both Mehran and Malekshahi areas. In the Malekshahi area, iron and zinc nanocomposites combined and increased grain yield at different irrigation levels. The highest grain yield was obtained in the treatment of moderate dehydration stress and combined consumption of iron and zinc nano fertilizers in Malekshahi region with 1184 kg ha-1, which was not significantly different from non-stress. The use of zinc nano-fertilizer and iron + zinc nano-fertilizer increased the amount of mung bean protein (27.38%). Iron nanocode (26.9%) did not have a significant effect on mung bean protein content compared to zinc nano fertilizer and control treatment.ConclusionDrought stress led to reduced yields and mung bean yield components, but the use of iron and zinc nanocomposites and mycorrhizal fungi, both individually and in combination, improved grain yield and yield components. Also, the use of iron and zinc nanocodes and mycorrhizal fungi separately and together led to improved grain quality and increased grain protein content.In general, the results of this study showed that drought stress led to a decrease in yield and yield components of mung bean, but the use of iron and zinc nanofertilizers and mycorrhizal fungus, either alone or in combination, led to improved yield and grain yield components.
Drought stress
Adel Alizadeh; Mohammad Moghaddam; Ahmad Asgharzade; Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani
Abstract
IntroductionEnvironmental stresses play an important role in the pattern of plant distribution worldwide, and drought stress in turn determines a large part of this distribution. Drought stress is the most important environmental factor limiting the growth and development of plants in the world so that ...
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IntroductionEnvironmental stresses play an important role in the pattern of plant distribution worldwide, and drought stress in turn determines a large part of this distribution. Drought stress is the most important environmental factor limiting the growth and development of plants in the world so that the growth reduction due to drought stress is much greater than other environmental stresses. One of the ways to reduce drought stress damage in plants is the use of biopolymers and chitosan is one of these compounds. Chitosan has become one of the leading biopolymers for plants against various stresses in recent decades due to its numerous properties. Due to the side effects of chemical drugs, the use and importance of medicinal plants are increasing. Savory is one of the most widely used and widely used medicinal plants. Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant, fragrant and belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chitosan foliar application on growth, biochemical properties, and amount of savory (Satureja hortensis L.) essential oil under different levels of soil moisture.Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in the research greenhouses of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2019-2020 as a factorial in a completely randomized design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was different levels of soil moisture (30, 60, and 90% of field capacity) and the second factor was different levels of chitosan foliar application (water control, acetic acid control, 0.5, 1, and 2 g l-1). Different levels of soil moisture were applied when the plants reached the 4-6 leaf stage. Before applying drought stress, soil arable capacity was determined. Chitosan foliar application was performed in two stages. The first stage was when the plants were in the 6-8 leaf stage and the second foliar application was done two weeks after the first foliar application. During the growing season, all crops, including weed control, were uniformly applied between treatments. The studied traits included growth characteristics, wet and dry biomass of shoots and roots, relative leaf water content, electrolyte leakage, proline content, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and essential oil.Results and discussedBased on the obtained results, with decreasing soil moisture, growth indices and relative water content of plant leave decreased significantly, and in contrast, leakage of electrolytes, proline, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and plant essential oil was increased. The highest amount of hydrogen peroxide (0.24 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight) was observed at the lowest soil moisture level (30% of field capacity) and the use of chitosan, especially at the level of 0.5 g l-1, reduced the significance. The application of this concentration of chitosan reduced the leakage of electrolytes and hydrogen peroxide by 8.86% and 23.77% at the highest stress levels, respectively. Also, the application of 0.5 g l-1 of chitosan caused that at the highest level of stress, plant height, shoot and root biomass, and relative leaf water content Increase 2.78, 60.18, 118.18, and 18.6 (percent), respectively. However, application of 2 g l-1 of chitosan intensified the stress in the plant so that the amount of electrolyte leakage at the lowest soil moisture level (30% of field capacity) and application of 2 g l-1 of chitosan compared to the control (no use of chitosan) with 11.98%. The increase was accompanied. Also, the highest amount of proline (0.0194 μg g-1) was observed in the application of 2 g l-1 of chitosan and 30% of soil capacity.ConclusionChitosan foliar application, especially the application of 0.5 g l-1, improved the growth characteristics, the relative leaf water content of the plant and also reduced the damaging effects of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide in savory. In general, the results of this study showed that the use of chitosan improved the tolerance of savory under drought stress.
Drought stress
Fateme Kohansal Vajargah; Farzad Paknejad; Mahbubeh Mazhari; Ali Khanmirzai; Davood Habibi
Abstract
IntroductionEnvironmental stresses such as drought, temperature, heavy metals and salinity greatly reduce plant growth and development, among non-biological stresses, drought stress is one of the environmental factors which limits crop production and reduces average yield by 50% or more (Wang et al.,2 ...
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IntroductionEnvironmental stresses such as drought, temperature, heavy metals and salinity greatly reduce plant growth and development, among non-biological stresses, drought stress is one of the environmental factors which limits crop production and reduces average yield by 50% or more (Wang et al.,2 003). Heavy metals are another environmental stress that in recent years as it has become one of the biggest problems of the agricultural sector. Due to technical and economic limitations of heavy metal removal methods, the search for new methods has received a great deal of attention and in this regard biological absorption as a new method has received special attention(Maleki and Zarasvand, 2008).Materials and methodsIn order to Evolution Ability of Remediation Heavy Metal Cadmium by Some of Plant Species and Biochar in drought stress conditions experimental in years 2017-2018 was carried out for two years in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. The experiment was factorial in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Experimental factors included cadmium chloride salt at four levels (control, 10 mg.kg-1, 20 mg.kg-1, 30 mg.kg-1), Biochar at three levels (control, biochar at the time of first year planting, biochar after first year harvest and at the time of second year planting), 3 crop species (clover, alfalfa, canola) and drought stress (control, 40% available moisture discharge based on gypsum block, 60% available moisture discharge based on gypsum block). One month before planting the soil was contaminated with cadmium chloride at specific levels in the experiment then biochar treatment was added to the soil of the desired pots. After cultivating crops and sufficient vegetative growth shoot and root specimens were carefully removed from the soil of the pots and after washing and drying according to the protocol in this experiment extracts were taken for reading in an atomic absorption apparatus. For analyze the measured data, Mean and Bartlett comparison were performed using MSTATC, SAS and Excel software.Results and discussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that Triple interactions of cadmium, crop species, drought stress for all studied traits(Dry weight of shoots, dry weight of roots, amount of cadmium in shoots, amount of cadmium in roots, measurement of metal element, accumulation coefficient, extraction coefficient) It became significant with a one percent error probability. The results also showed that the triple interactions of cadmium, crop species, biochar only for traits Translocation factor, Accumulation factor, Enrichment cofficient became significant with a probability level of one percent. And for other traits, this triple interaction was not significant. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest mean amount of cadmium in the shoot(2.68 mg.kg-1) And roots(1.78 mg.kg-1) Related to canola treatment at the level of 30 ppm cadmium And under drought stress conditions, 60% of available moisture discharge was based on gypsum block. Most average Translocation factor related to the triple interactions of cadmium, crop species, biochar related to treatment Canola cadmium at the level of 20 ppm and biochar at the time of crop cultivation in the first year(a3b3c2) with average (3.73) and the lowest was related to cadmium control treatments (a1b1c1) with mean (0.1). The most common triple interactions of cadmium, crop species, drought stress are also related treatment of cadmium Canola at 20 ppm level without drought stress (a3b3d1) (3.98) and the lowest mean was related to cadmium control treatment (a1b1d1) with mean (0.1). Most average Accumulation factor corresponding to the triple interactions of cadmium, crop species, biochar related to the treatment of cadmium Canola at the level of 30 ppm and biochar at the time of crop cultivation in the first year(a4b3c2) with average (70.137) and the lowest was related to cadmium control treatments (a1b1c1) with mean (0.0044). Most of the triple interactions of cadmium, crop species, drought stress also related to cadmium Canola treatment at 20 ppm level without drought stress (a3b3d1) (148.87) and the lowest mean was related to cadmium control treatment (a1b1d1) with mean (0.0043). The highest mean of triple interactions of cadmium, crop species, biochar for Enrichment cofficient related to the treatment of cadmium Canola at the level of 30 ppm and without biochar in the first year (a4b3c1) with a mean (0.182) and the lowest was related to cadmium control treatments (a1b1c1) with mean (0.0117).ConclusionsMost of the triple interactions of cadmium, crop species, drought stress are also related Treatment of cadmium Canola at 30 ppm level and drought stress 60% available moisture discharge based on gypsum block (a4b3d3) (0.180) the lowest mean was related to cadmium control treatment (a1b1d1) with mean (0.0011). The results of this study showed that Canola had a higher uptake and transport of cadmium metal than clover and alfalfa.
Drought stress
Saed Hamidi; Farshid Ghaderi-Far; Asieh Siahmarguee; Benjamin Torabi; Mehdi Behroj
Abstract
IntroductionGermination is the most vital period in the plant life cycle that is influenced by various environmental and genetic factors. Among environmental factors, drought stress can greatly affect the germination and emergence of seedlings. The tolerance to this stress in the early stages of plant ...
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IntroductionGermination is the most vital period in the plant life cycle that is influenced by various environmental and genetic factors. Among environmental factors, drought stress can greatly affect the germination and emergence of seedlings. The tolerance to this stress in the early stages of plant development is very important and seeds that can germinate in these conditions will have a successful establishment, proper density and high yield. Therefore, knowing the drought tolerance threshold in different genotypes of a plant can be very useful in recommending their cultivation in different regions. The hydrotime model is one of the common experimental models in studying the effects of drought stress on seed germination. This model has three parameters including base water potential, hydrotime coefficient and sigma, which indicate drought tolerance, germination rate and germination uniformity, respectively. These coefficients, especially the base water potential, can be used to introduce genotypes for cultivation in areas with different drought levels. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the response of different quinoa genotypes to drought stress at the germination stage with the help of hydrotime model coefficients.Material and methodsTo investigate the effect of drought stress on seed germination of different quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) genotypes, a factorial experiment was designed and conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in the seed laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2019. For the germination test, 4 replicates of 25 seeds of each genotype were placed in a petri dish with a diameter of 8 cm on a layer of filter paper which added 3 ml of solutions prepared in different water potentials (0, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2 and -1.6 MPa) in an incubator at 25 °C. Depending on the germination rate, in the first days after the onset of germination, the number of germinated seeds was counted three to five times per day; with decreasing the germination rate, the number of counts was reduced to two times per day. The germination criterion was the radicle existence of one millimeter or more. The hydrotime model was used to investigate the germination response of quinoa genotypes to drought stress.Results and discussionThe results showed that all genotypes had high germination up to -0.4 MPa and their average germination percentage was above 90%; But as the water potential became more negative, the difference between the germination percentage of genotypes increased. According to the hydrotime model, there was a significant difference between different quinoa genotypes in terms of base water potential for 50% germination (ψb50), hydrotime coefficient (θH) and germination uniformity (σψb). The value of the ψb50 parameter ranged from -1.58 in genotype2 to -1.95 in genotype3. This indicates that quinoa is drought tolerant at the germination stage compared to sunflower, barley, wheat, safflower and canola. The lowest and highest hydrotime coefficients were observed in genotypes2 and 3 with 16.83 and 26.08 MPa/h, respectively (with an average of 20.93 MPa/h). Quinoa hydrotime coefficient is lower than rapeseed, wheat and safflower; In other words, the germination rate of the seeds of this plant is higher compared to the mentioned crops. The reason for this may be related to the size of the seed. The lowest germination uniformity was in genotype 3 (0.68 MPa) and the highest value observed in genotype 7 (0.46 MPa). The hydrotime and sigma coefficients are considered as indicators of germination rate and uniformity. The lower values of these coefficients are indicated the higher the germination rate and uniformity of the genotype, the faster the canopy closure and the higher yield.ConclusionIn general, the results of this study show that the seeds have a high germination rate and with a high tolerance to drought stress at the germination stage; This increases the chances of faster establishment in the water shortage conditions. Also, the ability to tolerate drought in the germination stage of quinoa reduces the need for water consumption in this stage, which can be very useful and practical in developing management plans that lead to increased water use efficiency.
Salinity stress
Hamid Reza Osmani Roudi; Baratali Fakheri; Mahmood Solouki; Saeed Khavari Khorasani; Nafiseh Mahdi Nezhad
Abstract
IntroductionTo improve a complex character such as grain yield with low heritability, indirect selection through other characters and selection index based on different effective traits were used. Grain yield has quantitative heritance and can be affected by environment severely; therefore selection ...
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IntroductionTo improve a complex character such as grain yield with low heritability, indirect selection through other characters and selection index based on different effective traits were used. Grain yield has quantitative heritance and can be affected by environment severely; therefore selection for genetic improvement only based on yield may have low efficiency. But selection based on proper index can be one of the most effective methods for indirect selection of yield and yield components simultaneously.Materials and methodsIn order to determine selection index for improvement of maize yield, 14 single cross maize hybrids (including 12 promising maize hybrids and KSC704 and KSC705 cultivars as control cultivars) were planted in two separate experiments (Saline stress and normal condition) based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replication in Khorasan Razavi agricultural and natural resources research and education center (TOROQ Station and Abbas Abad Station), Mashhad Iran on 2017-2018. In this study silage yield, Dry Forage yield, number of total leaves, Ear Diameter, Ear Length, Ear Height, Kernel depth, anthesis silking interval (ASI) and Plant Height appearance was measured randomly from 10 sample. Then some of morphological and phonological traits, yield and yield components were recorded.Results and discussionThe results of ANOVA showed significant differences between hybrids for many of measured traits in both conditions (P≤0.01). Thus, selection will be effective due to existence of enough variation. The results of correlation, multiple regression and principle component analysis were used for identification of traits that are more effective on grain yield. Selection indices were calculated based on results of stepwise regression considering to phenotype, genotypic and economic values. Based on stepwise regression results in normal condition, Plant Height, Number of Ear, Dry Forage Yield, Days to anthesis, Number of Leaves totally could explain 77.84 percent of gain yield variation, then these traits were used to calculate selection index. In Saline stress condition, Number of Ear, Ear Length, Days to anthesis, Number of Leaves, Plant height could explain 76.90 percent of grain yield variation that these traits were used to calculate of selection index. Smith-Hazel and Pesk-Baker selection indexes for dry silage yield performance, leaf total number, number of cob, plants length and days to pollination in non-stressed condition and number of cob, days to pollination, leaf total number and plants length were calculated under stressed situation. Moreover, relative efficiency of selection and expected gain of selection index using the Smith – Hazel index was higher than the Pesk – Baker index. The highest relative efficiency of selection under non-stressed condition was measured in index number 5 (Smith – Hazel 5) while in saline stressed condition it was achieved in index number 4 (Smith - Hazel 4).ConclusionIn summary, by adjusting phenotype values in mentioned traits in index equivalent, the amount of each index was determined. Finally Based on grain yield and selection indices, 20 percent of the best genotypes were selected by each selection indices. The highest selection indices were obtained for the hybrids 1, 5, 2, 8 and 6 in normal condition and hybrids 13, 3, 4, 10 and 8 in saline condition.
Salinity stress
Leila Fahmideh; Ayoub Mazarie; Shahin Madadi; Paris Pahlevan
Abstract
IntroductionBarley is one of the most important crops in cereals, which shows the wide range of adaptation to different environments. Plant growth is severely influenced by environmental stresses such as drought, high salinity and extreme temperatures. Environmental stresses trigger a wide range of plant ...
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IntroductionBarley is one of the most important crops in cereals, which shows the wide range of adaptation to different environments. Plant growth is severely influenced by environmental stresses such as drought, high salinity and extreme temperatures. Environmental stresses trigger a wide range of plant responses, like change in the gene expression to variability in cellular metabolism and growth. One of the most important harmful factors is the production of crops in different areas of salinity, which has a negative impact on all aspects of plant growth and production. Also, in the plants exposed to salinity the photosynthetic apparatus activities were damaged or impaired, leading to a decrease of photosynthetic capacity and lipid oxidation is increased in these conditions and on the other hand Cause disturbance of the balance between production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense and thereby causing oxidative stress. Due to the increase in water salinity and its damages on plant production, evaluation of salinity effects on crop plants, is very important. The study of biochemical and physiological variations under salinity stress is a suitable solution that can help to identify the effective factors in tolerating this stress and selecting resistant cultivars. Therefore the aim of the present study was, investigate and compare photosynthetic pigments, the changes in water status, osmotic regulators and activity of antioxidant enzymes in leaf tissue of two native barley cultivars of Sistan region under Salinity stress.Materials and methodsTwo native barley cultivars of Sistan region (Nomar and Nimroz) were examined in a factorial experiment (the first factor of cultivar in two levels and the second factor of drought stress in three levels) in a completely randomized design with three replications. The seeds of Numar and Nimroz varieties were prepared from Zabol Agricultural Research Center. 10 seeds were planted in each pot and the thinning was performed after the plants reached the 4-leaf stage and 5 identical plants were kept in each pot. After cultivation and complete establishment of plants in the seedling stage (four leaves), Salinity stress treatment was applied at different levels (Control (0), 150 and 300 mm NaCl) for two weeks. Sampling of all plant leaves was performed at a specific time and then the studied traits were measured. The studied traits were included the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), protein content, relative leaf water content (RWC) and some regulators Osmotic (proline and carbohydrate). After measuring the traits, the obtained data were analyzed by Duncan's method.Results and disscussionAnalysis of variance showed that the effect of cultivar, drought stress and cultivar interaction and drought stress were significant at 1% probability levels, on all studied traits. According to the results of interactions, it was found that salinity stress in both barley cultivars reduced physiological traits such as photosynthetic pigments, relative leaf water content, protein and increased content of carbohydrates and proline, carotenoids and the activity of catalase, ascorbate Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. In normal conditions, Nomar cultivar compared to Nimroz cultivar had the highest amount of chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids, relative content of leaf water, protein and proline. Also, at salinity of 300 mM, the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes of ascorbate, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, protein, photosynthetic pigments was related to Nomar cultivar, while the highest amount of carbohydrates and carotenoids was related to Nimroz cultivar at salinity of 300 mM.ConclusionIn generally, according to the results of this study, it can be said that among the cultivars under study, in vegetative phase, Nomar cultivar had higher capacity and function to salt stress tolerate than another cultivar.
Physiology of crops under stress conditions
Payvand Papan; Abdolamir Moezzi; Mostafa Chorom; Afrasyab Rahnama
Abstract
IntroductionIn order to investigate the effects of nitrogen application and irrigation of sugarcane fields on grain yield and physiological and biochemical characteristics of quinoa (Gizavan cultivar) including relative leaf water content, chlorophyll index, catalase enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase, ...
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IntroductionIn order to investigate the effects of nitrogen application and irrigation of sugarcane fields on grain yield and physiological and biochemical characteristics of quinoa (Gizavan cultivar) including relative leaf water content, chlorophyll index, catalase enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase, proline concentration and Field experimental grain yield in the cropping year 2018 was performed in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the maximum amount of chlorophyll index and grain yield were obtained in the application of 150 kg N ha-1 with one irrigation with sugar-cane. Application of 150 and 225 kg N ha-1 under salinity stress caused a significant increase in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes.Materials and methodIn this experiment, four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 75, 150, 225 kg ha-1) from urea fertilizer source as the main factor and three levels of irrigation water including control (Karun water with salinity of 2.5 dS m-1) and irrigation One in between (Karun-sugarcane drainage) and irrigation with sugarcane drainage (with salinity of 7.5 dS m-1) was considered as a sub-factor.Seed sowing was done on November 6, 2018 in the form of barley and stack (on the grout line) and by hand. Each plot consisted of 6 planting lines 4 m long. The distance between the two plants was 7-10 cm and the distance between the lines was 50 cm. Irrigation treatments were applied in three to five leaf stage (seedling establishment stage). Before irrigation, soil moisture samples were taken and irrigation was done to reach the moisture content of the field capacity. For drainage irrigation, saline water of Mirza Kuchak Khan agro-industrial drains of Khorramshahr with salinity between 6 to 8 dS m-1 was used. Plastic cover was used during rain. The final harvest was made in late February at the time of physiological maturation.At the flowering stage, samples of the leaves were prepared and immediately transferred to the laboratory for physiological and biochemical measurements.Results and discussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of nitrogen and salinity levels and their interaction at the level of one percent probability on the measured properties of quinoa were significant.The highest average relative leaf water in Karun irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer treatment was 225 kg ha-1 (89.16%) and the lowest average of the mentioned trait was observed in drainage and nitrogen fertilizer treatment of 0 kg ha-1 (70.76%).In the present study, salinity stress decreased the relative water content of the leaves by affecting water absorption because the relative water percentage of plant tissue is one of the most important components of plant water status. Quinoa has been shown to have the ability to accumulate salt ions in its tissues to control and regulate leaf water potential, and this reaction has enabled plants to maintain cell turbulence and limited transpiration under saline conditions, thus preventing physiological damage to quinoa under stress.due to the accumulation of more than 70% nitrogen in the chloroplast of plant leaves, the increase in nitrogen in the plant was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen. Salinity stress due to irrigation with drainage and high accumulation of sodium in the plant has reduced the chlorophyll index and photosynthesis rate of quinoa and finally possibly the accumulation of oxygen free radicals in the plant has increased the activity of catalase enzyme with urea fertilizer catalase activity in all Salinity levels of irrigation treatments have increased due to the presence of nitrogen in the structure of the enzyme. The mechanism of the effect of salinity on the response of antioxidant enzymes is not yet fully understood.ConclusionsIn general, the results of this study indicate that changes in nitrogen levels more than irrigation levels had an effect on chlorophyll index, relative leaf water content and quinoa grain yield and the average salinity had a significant effect on increasing grain yield. Higher amounts of nitrogen increased but also led to a significant increase in grain yield. Nitrogen has improved the destructive effects of salinity stress in quinoa and increased enzyme activity in high salinity has increased plant tolerance. Due to high genetic diversity and adaptation to different climates, high nutritional value and high efficiency of resource use, quinoa can be a suitable plant for using unconventional water and soil resources of Khuzestan province.
Salinity stress
Rostam Yazdani Biouki; Hossein Beyrami; Mehdi Karimi; Mohammad Hossein Banakar; Vali Soltani Gerdfaramarzi
Abstract
IntroductionSoil salinity and associated problems constitute one of the major abiotic constraints in global production and are particularly critical in semi-arid and arid areas. In areas faced with water scarcity, it is common practice to utilize saline groundwater in irrigated agriculture. Chicory is ...
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IntroductionSoil salinity and associated problems constitute one of the major abiotic constraints in global production and are particularly critical in semi-arid and arid areas. In areas faced with water scarcity, it is common practice to utilize saline groundwater in irrigated agriculture. Chicory is a flowering plant in the dandelion family that is characterized by a tough, hairy stem, light purple flowers and leaves that are commonly used in salads. Chicory coffee tastes similar to coffee but has a flavor that's often described as slightly woody and nutty. Hence, the present research was aimed to evaluate the effects of salinity stress on some of chicory of quantity and physiological characteristics. Matherial and MethodIn order to evaluate the salinity tolerance of Chicory, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in a pot in the greenhouse of the National Salinity Research Center during 2019-20. Experimental treatment includes 5 levels 0.44 (control), 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m-1. In the present study, some growth traits, height of plant, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number of aken per plant, relative water content, ion leakage, potassium, sodium and ratio of K/Na were measured. Results and discussionThe results showed that the application of salinity levels significantly reduced all the studied traits. Regarding increasing salinity from control to salinity of 12 dS m-1 reduced plant height by 50%, shoot dry weight by 59%, root dry weight by 76% and number of aken per plant by 72%. Also, with increasing salinity level from 0 to 9 dS m-1 caused decreasing relative water content by 9.68% and increasing ion leakage by 37.47%. Increasing salinity levels from control to 12 dS m-1 was affected as significantly on decreasing ratio of potassium to sodium (96%). Also, 50% and 100% reduction in root yield was obtained at salinity of 5.91 and 14.66 dS m-1, respectively. In general, according to the results, it seems that Chicory does not have high tolerance to salinity. The results showed that the application of salinity levels significantly reduced all the studied traits. Regarding increasing salinity from control to salinity of 12 dS m-1 reduced plant height by 50%, shoot dry weight by 59%, root dry weight by 76% and number of aken per plant by 72%. Also, with increasing salinity level from 0 to 9 dS m-1 caused decreasing relative water content by 9.68% and increasing ion leakage by 37.47%. Increasing salinity levels from control to 12 dS m-1 was affected as significantly on decreasing ratio of potassium to sodium (96%). Also, 50% and 100% reduction in root yield was obtained at salinity of 5.91 and 14.66 dS m-1, respectively. In general, according to the results, it seems that Chicory does not have high tolerance to salinity. Also, 50% and 100% reduction in root yield was obtained at salinity of 5.91 and 14.66 dS m-1, respectively. In general, according to the results, it seems that Chicory does not have high tolerance to salinity. The results showed that the application of salinity levels significantly reduced all the studied traits. Regarding increasing salinity from control to salinity of 12 dS m-1 reduced plant height by 50%, shoot dry weight by 59%, root dry weight by 76% and number of aken per plant by 72%. Also, with increasing salinity level from 0 to 9 dS m-1 caused decreasing relative water content by 9.68% and increasing ion leakage by 37.47%. Increasing salinity levels from control to 12 dS m-1 was affected as significantly on decreasing ratio of potassium to sodium (96%). Also, 50% and 100% reduction in root yield was obtained at salinity of 5.91 and 14.66 dS m-1, respectively. In general, according to the results, it seems that Chicory does not have high tolerance to salinity.
Salinity stress
Shocofeh Gholami; Tayebe Rostami; Khadigeh Ahmadi; Mahmoud Bagheri
Abstract
IntroductionDue to the development of saline lands and reduction of favorable agricultural land for cultivation identification of salinity-resistant medicinal plants, or factors that can reduce the effect of salinity are of high importance. Salinity is one of the major environmental limiting factors ...
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IntroductionDue to the development of saline lands and reduction of favorable agricultural land for cultivation identification of salinity-resistant medicinal plants, or factors that can reduce the effect of salinity are of high importance. Salinity is one of the major environmental limiting factors on plant growth and productivity. Seed priming is used to improve seedling establishment and increase plant efficiency. Priming is a simple technique that improves seedling establishment and improves the efficiency plant in the field. In fact, the main effect of seed priming is on the rapid growth of seedlings and early germination. Salicylic acid plays an important role against abiotic stresses such as salinity due to the high protective power of the plant. Find plants that are tolerant as a suitable way for the efficiency of salt water and limited water resources in the country. Selection of Quinoa as a like Grain is one of the best ways to prevent crop yield loss under stress conditions. Quinoa is a grain-like plant with high nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold and drought stress. Quinoa is resistant to drought and salinity due to its phenological flexibility and resistance to climate constraints. Food quinoa importance due to the perfect combination of amino acids, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium low. The flour from this plant lacks gluten and is a good food for people with small intestine autoimmunity. It also prevents cancer, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis with high phytoestrogens. Materials and MethodsThus, in order to investigate the effect of Salicylic acid pre-treatment on germination indices of quinoa seedling under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications in Seed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University in 2019..The experimental factors included; salicylic acid at four levels (0, 0/5, 1 and 1/5 Mm) and salinity stress caused by NaCl at four levels (0, 50, 100, 150 mM NaCl) and the quinoa cultivars were Giza1 and Titicaca. Measured traits included germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination rate (GR) and germination coefficient (GC), SVI: seedling longitudinal index, SVI: seedling weight index and pigment content Are photosynthetic. Statistical analysis of data including analysis of variance was performed using SAS 9.1 software and mean comparison of traits evaluated by LSD test at 5% level of probability. ResultsThe results showed that increasing the salinity stress decreased the content of photosynthetic pigments and seed germination characteristics.under salinity stress, with increasing stress, the germination percentage decreased so that the lowest germination percentage was observed at salinity stress of 15 dS/m. Application of salicylic acid under salinity stress had a positive trend in germination percentage, so that at different salinity levels, application of 1 mM salicylic acid showed the greatest effect on germination percentage. and at concentrations below 1 mM this trend was reduced. The Longitudinal index of seedling vigor and weight indices of seedling vigor were observed at 1 mM salicylic acid concentration and no salinity stress. with the concentration of salicylic acid increased, the content of photosynthetic pigments showed an increasing trend. Based on these results, proper plant management can guarantee plant establishment under salinity stress. Based on these results, by applying seed priming with salicylic acid, plant establishment can be improved in salinity stress conditions.
Mahmoud Fouladvand; Asa Ebrahimi; Mehdi Rahaei; Vahid Shariati Joni
Abstract
IntroductionIn order to identify cold tolerant cultivars in sugarcane, in December 2015 and one week after the occurrence of -1.2 °C, by morphological study of 454 sugarcane cultivars, the reaction of these cultivars and their tolerance to cold were investigated.Materials and methodsIn the first ...
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IntroductionIn order to identify cold tolerant cultivars in sugarcane, in December 2015 and one week after the occurrence of -1.2 °C, by morphological study of 454 sugarcane cultivars, the reaction of these cultivars and their tolerance to cold were investigated.Materials and methodsIn the first stage of the experiment (morphology), 54 cultivars were introduced as resistant and tolerant cultivars and 400 cultivars were introduced as cold and very sensitive cultivars. In 2016, to evaluate cultivars based on biochemical indices, out of 54 resistant cultivars, 5 cultivars, and out of 400 susceptible cultivars, 5 cultivars were selected and the amount of free amino acids, Proline and Malondialdehyde, in them before and after the onset of cold, it was measured. Among the selected cultivars of the previous stage, BR00-01 cultivar was selected as the most tolerant cultivar, and TUC66-107 cultivar as the most sensitive cultivar to cold, to apply cold stress in the cold storage and continue the project in the molecular stage. After planting them in plastic pots, leaf sampling was performed in the refrigeration under stress and to extract TotalRNA. After RNA extraction, the quantity and quality of RNA samples were measured. Using the Illumina Hiseq250 platform in the RNAseq technique, after confirming the quantity and quality of the extracted RNAs, the TruSeq cDNA library was constructed by the Chinese company Novogene and sequencing for RNAseq was done as a pair-end with a length of 150 nucleotides. After sequencing, the data were downloaded in compressed files in Fastq format from the Novogene website. The quality of the raw reads was checked using FastQC software. Trimmomatic software was used in the trimming step. After aligning the reads to the sugarcane reference genome, quantified reads were normalized, differential expression analysis was performed, and genes with differential expression were analyzed and pathways were mapped. After analyzing the differential expression of genes and obtaining the values, GO enrichment analysis was performed to classify the genes based on the placement of their products. Next, the path analysis was performed using the kobas database. Then, in order to enrich the pathways, significant pathways were identified with Corrected P-Value <0.05 for genes with increased and decreased expression.Results and discussionhe results of differential expression of genes showed that out of a total of 62285 expressed genes, 12674 genes have differential expression in different comparisons between treatments, of which 6939 genes decreased expression and 5735 genes increased expression. After enriching the pathways, genes that could be 95% probable in 18 treatment comparisons to attribute their change in expression to cold stress were identified, and marker genes were identified in these comparisons. According to the results of the metabolic study, increasing the concentration of free amino acids, Proline and Malondialdehyde increased the plant's tolerance to cold. In this study, due to cold stress, various biosynthetic and metabolic pathways were activated under the influence of the activity of genes controlling these pathways to produce their products. These pathways include the biosynthesis of the amino acids arginine and Proline, the biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoid, the riboflavin metabolism, and the MAPK messenger pathway, in which the genes involved increased expression during cold stress. Meanwhile, the PR1 gene was detected in the MAPK messenger pathway, which showed an increase in expression with decreasing temperature Increased expression of genes in MAPK, Phenylpropanoid, sulfur, Glycerophospholipid, arachidonic acid, lipid ether, riboflavin and Proline signaling pathways indicates that the products of some genes controlling these pathways play a role in increasing cold tolerance of sugarcane.ConclusionsThe results of morphological, metabolic and molecular studies showed that there is a correlation between these indices and their values in resistant cultivar. When screening sugarcane clones for cold, the best clones can be selected by measuring the amount of secondary metabolites. In this study, genes affecting cell physiology pathways were identified and their role in increasing sugarcane tolerance to cold was elucidated. Using these genes, you can use them in a sugarcane breeding program to screen for cold-resistant clones. In the sugarcane breeding program, these genes can be used as markers in the screening of clones.
Breeding plants for stress conditions
Akbar Abdollahi Hesar; Omid Sofalian; Bahram Alizadeh; Ali Asghari; Hassan Zali
Abstract
IntroductionRapeseed is one of the most important oilseeds in the world. Rapeseed with the scientific name of Brassica napus L. is ranked third in the world in terms of grain production after soybean and in terms of oil production after soybean and oil palm. Plants are always exposed to a wide range ...
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IntroductionRapeseed is one of the most important oilseeds in the world. Rapeseed with the scientific name of Brassica napus L. is ranked third in the world in terms of grain production after soybean and in terms of oil production after soybean and oil palm. Plants are always exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses, both biological and non-biological, that strongly affect their growth and production. Cold stress and frost are one of the environmental factors that affect crop production and other important agronomic traits in many plant species. Frost in the early stages of germination causes the destruction of the whole plant. The amount of frost damage depends on many important factors such as the duration and severity of frost stress, different stages of plant growth period and the amount of air humidity. Rapeseed is sensitive to frost stress and shows a yield reduction of up to 70%.Identifying cultivars that tolerate low temperatures can help researchers improve new cultivars and increase the flexibility of choosing the right planting date for farmers. Various studies have been performed to evaluate canola genotypes against cold stress in terms of morphological or physiological traits, but few studies have been conducted to study the combined traits. This study was designed to identify frost stress resistant genotypes, evaluate the effects of frost stress on yield and yield components as well as physiological traits to identify and modify the traits affected by the stress.Materials and methodsIn this experiment, 24 autumn Rapeseed genotypes were obtained from the oilseeds section of Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. Selected genotypes included a number of promising lines and free pollen and rapeseed hybrid cultivars, including: SLM046, Opera, L963, Okapi, L62, Nima, KH4, Talayeh, L957, Ahmadi, KR18, L1009, Zarfam, Nafis, HW101, Licord, KS7, L14, SW101, L1008, L83, L120, Natali and Hydromel. Experiment with two different planting dates as normal sowing on 10/6/1397 and delayed sowing on 6/25/1397 in the form of split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in 1397-98 crop year It was implemented in the agricultural lands of Tikmeh Dash city of East Azerbaijan province. Morphological traits including number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, yield per hectare and physiological traits including leaf chlorophill, proline, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars, electrolyte leakage percentage and superoxide dismutase were measured.Results and discussionThe effects of frost stress were significant for three traits: number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and yield at 1% probability level, and this indicates that delay in planting all cultivars tested caused a decrease in yield and its components. The mean squares of genotypes were significant for two traits: number of seeds per pod and yield at 1% probability level. Mean stress squares were significant in terms of chlorophill b, proline, soluble sugars, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase at the level of 1% probability. There was also a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of the above traits as well as chlorophill a and total chlorophill at the level of one percent probability. The results of comparing the mean of genotypes together for stress-free and frost stress conditions showed that KS7 line with 1699.9 kg ha-1 had the highest average yield and the lowest was related to L62 line with 107 kg ha-1. According to this study, the decrease in yield is due to the decrease in the number of pods per plant as components of grain yield. Both under stress and non-stress conditions, the total yield showed a positive and significant correlation with the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod. In non-stress conditions, no correlation was observed between yield and physiological traits, while in frost stress conditions, there was a positive and significant correlation between yield with proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, so this can be Introduced traits as positive traits for selecting frost-resistant cultivars. Based on the results of factor analysis, 4 factors were identified for each of the conditions without stress and frost stress, which in the non-stress state was 77.52% of the total variance and in the frost stress state was 81.06% of the total variance.ConclusionsAccording to the results of the correlation between the studied traits, it was found that in non-stress conditions, the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod can be used to improve grain yield. In terms of frost stress, in addition to the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod, the amount of proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase had the greatest contribution in justifying the diversity of studied genotypes. Due to the low heritability of the yield, it is usually difficult to improve. As a result, other aspects of frost stress resistance, such as physiological parameters, should be considered. In general, physiological traits provide more complete information and are a good alternative to functional traits.
