نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
گروه کشاورزی، واحد اسلامشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اسلامشهر، ایران
چکیده
جو یکی از سازگارترین غلات است که در شرایط آب و هوایی مساعد، در خاک حاصلخیز که قابلیت نگهداری آب در آن زیاد باشد کشت می‌گردد. این گیاه نسبت به گندم در برابر خشکی مقاوم‌تر است، پدیده خشکی در ایران یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل محدودکننده تولیدات زراعی است. اعمال تنش کم‌آبی به‌شدت اجزای عملکرد و عملکردهای بیولوژیک و دانه را کاهش می‌دهد. استفاده از نانو کودها منجر به افزایش کارایی استفاده از عناصر غذایی، مدیریت صحیح مصرف کود و کاهش تعداد دفعات کاربرد کود می‌شود. بدین منظور آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده با طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 95 - 1394 در مزرعه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس به اجرا درآمد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل کاربرد کود نانو کلات آهن و منگنز دارای 11 سطح به ترتیب شامل غلظت یک در هزار کود نانو کلات آهن، سه در هزار کود نانو کلات آهن، یک و نیم در هزار نانو کلات منگنز، سه در هزار کود نانو کلات منگنز، یک در هزار کود نانو کلات آهن و یک و نیم در هزار کود نانو کلات منگنز، یک در هزار کود نانو کلات آهن و سه در هزار کود نانو کلات منگنز، یک و نیم در هزار کود نانو کلات منگنز و سه در هزار کود نانو کلات آهن، سه در هزار کود نانو کلات آهن و سه در هزار کود نانو کلات منگنز، بدون محلول‌پاشی (شاهد)، محلول‌پاشی آب خالص، سه در هزار کود میکرو آهن و سه در هزار کود میکرو منگنز، به‌عنوان فاکتور فرعی و رژیم‌های آبیاری در سه سطح بدون تنش (50% آب قابل‌استفاده مزرعه)، کم‌آبی در مرحله رویشی (30% آب قابل‌استفاده مزرعه در مرحله رویشی) و کم‌آبی در مرحله زایشی (30% آب قابل‌استفاده مزرعه در مرحله زایشی بود، به‌عنوان فاکتور اصلی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که محلول‌پاشی سطوح مختلف نانو کلات آهن و منگنز در مراحل رویشی و زایشی موجب افزایش میزان عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد خصوصاً در مرحله‌ی رویشی شد، حال‌آنکه تیمار شاهد (بدون محلول‌پاشی) کمترین میزان عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد را داشت. همچنین اثرات متقابل نانو کلات آهن و منگنز و سطوح مختلف تنش کمبود آب بر کلیه صفات اندازه‌گیری شده به‌جز شاخص برداشت معنی‌دار بود. درنهایت نتایج نشان داد که تنش کم‌آبی در مرحله زایشی و رویشی موجب کاهش و استفاده از نانو ذرات موجب افزایش میزان عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد می‌گردد؛ بنابراین، عوارض جانبی ناشی از کمبود آب می‌تواند در این منطقه و مناطق مشابه با محلول‌پاشی نانو کلات آهن و منگنز کاهش یابد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Ahmadi, A.S., Gharineh, M.H., Bakhshandeh, A., Fathi, Gh., Naderi, A., 2011. Effect of endurance drought stress (Brassica napus) on grain yield, yield components, oil percentage, protein percentage and vegetative growth characteristics of rapeseed. Ahvaz climate condition. Journal of Plant Production. 34(2), 123-134. [In Persian with English summary].
Bagheri, A.S., 2009. Effect of drought stress on germination, growth, absorption efficiency and relative water content in crop noise crop. Crop Research (Environmental Stresses in Plant Science). 1(1), 39-52. [In Persian with English summary].
Bagheri-Khoulenjani, M., Salamati, M.S., 2011. Morphological reaction and yield of Nigella sativa L. to Fe and Zn. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7, 2359-2362.
Bakhshi-Khaniki, Gh., Fattahi, F., Yazdashi, S. 2007. Effect of drought stress on some of the morphological traits of ten cultivars of barley under climatic conditions of Sco (East Azarbaijan). Research and Construction. 20 (1), 108-114. [In Persian with English summary].
Blum, A., 1996. Crop responses to drought and the interpretation of adaptation. Plant Growth Regulators. 20, 135-148.
Caliskan, S., Ozkaya, I., Caliskan, M.E., Arsalan, M., 2008. The effects of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in a Mediterranean–type soil. Field Crop Research. 108, 126-132.
Chanbdracar, B.L., Sechar, N., Tuteja, S.S., Tripathi, R.S., 1994. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen of growth and yield of summer sesame (Sesamum indicum) Indian Journal of Agronomy. 39, 701-702.
Daneshian, J., 2000. Ecophysiological study of water deficit on soybean. Ph.D. Thesis, Azad Uni, Science and Research Branch. 250p. [In Persian].
Davoudi, N., Seghateslami, M.J., Mousavi, S.G., Nasrabad, A.A., 2013. The effect of zinc nano zinc spraying on yield and water consumption efficiency of foxtail millet under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stress in Crop Sciences. 6(1), 37-46. [In Persian with English summary].
Demirkiran, A.R. 2009. Determination of Fe, Cu and Zn Contents of wheat and worn grains from different growing site. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 8(8), 1563-1567.
Fathi, Gh. A., Arainnia, N., Enayat-Gholizadeh, M.R., 2009. Effect of nitrogen and drought stress on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars. Plant Protection Physiology. 1(4), 28-17. [In Persian with English summary].
Galeshi, S., Bayat-Tork, Z., 2005. Effect of low water stress after pollen on seed yield of two wheat cultivars. Journal Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, 12(6), 71-63. [In Persian with English summary].
Ghaffari-Malayeri, M., Akbari, Gh., Mohammadzadeh, A., 2012. Response of yield and yield components of corn to soil application and micronutrient solubility. Iranian Journal of Crop Research. 2(10), 373-368. [In Persian with English summary].
Ghanbari, S., Mousavi, Gh. 2016. Grain corn yield under the influence of growth and zoonotic bacteria in underwater stress. Knowledge of agriculture and sustainable production. 26(3), 71-83. [In Persian with English summary].
Habibzadeh, Y., Mamghani, R., Kashani, A., 2007. Effect of different planting densities on grain yield, yield components and protein in three Mash cultivars in Ahwaz region. Agricultural Scientific Journal. 30(3), 13-1. [In Persian with English summary].
Imayavaramban, V., Jeyasingh, J., Thanunathan, K., Singaravel, R., Manuel, R.I., 2004. Studies on the effect of spraying of N.P.K. and chelated micronutrients on the productivity and economic returns of sesame. Research on Crops. 5, 44-46.
Lak, S., Naderi, N., Siadat, S.A., Aynehband, A., Noormohammadi, G. 2007. Effects of water deficiency stress on yield and nitrogen efficiency of grain corn hybrid KSC 704 at different nitrogen rates and plant population. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource. 14(2), 63-76. [In Persian with English summary].
Lalinia, A.A., Majnoon-Hosseini N., Galostian N., Esmaeilzadeh-Bahabadi, M., Marefatzadeh-Khameneh, M., 2012. Echophysiological impact of water stress on growth and development of Mungbean. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 3, 599-607.
Leilah, A.A., Badawi, M.A., Moursy, E.L., Attia, A.N., 1990. Response of soybean plants to spraying of zinc different levels of nitrogen. Journal of Agricultural Science, Mansoura University. 13, 556-563.
Mahler, R.L., Westermann, T., 2003. Essential plant micro nutrient.1- zinc in Idaho. 24 pp. Idaho State University Web Site. Journal of Agriculture Research. 71(3), 591- 600.
Malakoti, M.J., Tehrani, M.M., 1999. Effect of micronutriens on the Yield and Quality of Agricultural Products. Tarbiat Modarres University Press. 300p.
Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed., Academic Press. Ltd. London.
Mohamadipoor, R., Sedaghathoor, S., Mahboub-Khomami, A., 2013. Effect of application of iron fertilizers in two methods 'foliar and soil application' on growth characteristics of Spathyphyllum illusion. Iranian Journal Horticulture Science Technology. 3(1), 232-240. [In Persian with English summary].
Movahedi-Dehnavi, M., 2004. Effect of spraying of low-level elements (zinc and manganese) on the quantitative and qualitative performance of different varieties of safflower under drought stress in Isfahan. Ph.D. in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. 211 p. [In Persian].
Naderi, M., Danesh-Shahraki, E., 2011. Application of nanotechnology to optimize the formulation of chemical fertilizers. Nanotechnology Monthly. 165 (4), 20-2.
Naeimi, M., Akbari, Gh., Shiranirad, A.M., 2008. Evaluation of drought tolerance in different canola cultivars based on stress evaluation indices in terminal growth duration. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 1, 83-98.
Pandey, R.K., Marienville, J.W., Adum, A., 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effect on maize in a Sahelian environment. I. Grain yield components. Agricultural Water Management. 46, 1- 13.
Rahimizadeh, M., Kashani, A., Zare-Feizabadi, A., Madani, A. Soltani, A., 2010. Effect of micronutrient fertilizers on yield and yield components of sunflower under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production. 3(1), 57-72.
Ramroudi, M., Keikhajaleh, M., Golvi, M., Seghateslami, M.J., Baradaran, R., 2011. Effect of micronutrient soluble irrigation and irrigation regimes on quantitative and qualitative yield of psyllium. Journal of Agricultural Ecology. 2(3), 226-219. [In Persian with English summary].
Rezaei, A., Kamkar-Haghighi, A.A. 2009. Effect of moisture stress in different stages of growth on yield of bean plant. Journal of Soil and Water Sciences. 23(1), 117-124. [In Persian with English summary].
Ribas-Carbo M., Robinson, S.A., Giles, L., 2005. The Application of the Oxygen-Isotope Technique to Assess Respiratory Pathway Partitioning. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, pp.31-42.
Roozbahani, A., Ghorbani, P., Mirzaei, M.M., Ourojnia, S. 2013. Evaluating the effect of humic acid and fluvian acid on yield and its components components. Agriculture and Plant Breeding in Iran. 9(2), 25-33. [In Persian with English summary].
Sadeghipour, A., Aghaei, P., 2014. Effect of drought stress and application of magnetic water on yield and yield components of mangroves. Journal of Agricultural Research. 6(1), 86-79. [In Persian with English summary].
Sadeghipour, O., 2008. Effect of withholding irrigation at different growth stages on yield and yield components of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) varieties. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science. 4 (5), 590–594.
Sadeghipour, O., 2009. The influence of water stress on biomass and harvest index in three mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cultivars. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 8(3), 245-249.
Sajedi, K., Ebadi, A., 2006. Effect of drought stress on germination of varieties of cultivars, summary of articles of the 9th crop and plant breeding congress. Campus Abourihan University of Tehran. 251-262. [In Persian with English summary].
Sayyari-zahan, M.H., Singh-Sadana, U., Steingrobe, B., Claassen, N., 2009. Manganese efficiency and manganese-uptake kinetics of raya (Brassica juncea), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and oat (Avena sativa) grown in nutrient solution and soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 172(5), 425-434.
Tandon, H.L.S., 1999. Micronutrients in soils, crops and fertilizers: a sourcebook-cum-directory. New Delhi: Fertiliser Development and Consultation Organisation.
Tewari, R.K., Kumar, P., Sharma P.N., 2005. Sign of oxidative stress in the chlorotic leaves of iron starved plants. Plant Science. 169, 1037- 1045.
Thalooth, A.T., Tawfik, M.M., Mohamed, H.M., 2006. A comparative study on the effect of spraying of zinc, potassium and magnesium on growth, yield and some chemical constituents of mungbean plants grown under water stress conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(1), 37-46.
Torabian, Sh., Zahedi, M., 2013. Effect of feeding leaf of iron sulfate in two types and nanoparticles on growth of sunflower cultivars under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 44(1), 109-118. [In Persian with English summary].
Zabet, M., Hossainzadeh, A., Ahmadi, A., Khialparast, F., 2003. Effects of drought on growth characters and determine index of resistance to drought in mungbean. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 34, 889-898. [In Persian with English summary].
Zadehbagheri, M., Kamelmanesh, M.M., Javanmardi, S., Sharafzadeh, S., 2012. Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components, relative leaf water content, proline and potassium ion accumulation in different white bean genotype. African Journal of Agriculture Research. 7, 5661-5670.
)