نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی.
2 استاد دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی
3 دانشیار گروه زراعت، دانشگاه ارومیه.
چکیده
شوری خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین فاکتورهای محدودکننده رشد و تولید گیاهان زراعی در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک به دلیل افزایش استفاده از آب با کیفیت پایین برای آبیاری است. از این رو به‌منظور مطالعه برهمکنش سایکوسل و کودهای زیستی بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات اگروفیزیولوژیک گندم در شرایط شوری خاک، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل با طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال زراعی 1393 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای موردبررسی شامل شوری خاک در چهار سطح (صفر، 30، 60 و 90 میلی‌مولار در خاک با کلرید سدیم)، تلقیح بذر با کودهای زیستی در چهار سطح (عدم تلقیح به‌عنوان شاهد، تلقیح با ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم استرین 5، سودوموناس پوتیدا استرین 186 و کاربرد توأم این دو) و محلول‌پاشی با سایکوسل در سه سطح (عدم مصرف، 600 و 1000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد تک بوته (2.47 گرم) به محلول‌پاشی 1000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر سایکوسل و تلقیح بذر با ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس و کمترین آن (1.98 گرم) به عدم محلول‌پاشی سایکوسل و عدم تلقیح بذر مربوط بود. مقایسه میانگین ترکیب تیماری باکتری محرک رشد و سطوح شوری نشان داد بیشترین عملکرد تک بوته (2.65 گرم) به گیاهان تلقیح شده با ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس در شرایط عدم اعمال شوری و کمترین آن (1.74 گرم) به عدم تلقیح بذر در شوری 90 میلی‌مولار تعلق داشت. محلول‌پاشی 1000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر سایکوسل، تلقیح بذر با ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس و عدم اعمال شوری بیشترین طول سنبله (10.25 سانتی‌متر)، وزن صد دانه (5.3 گرم) و طول دوره پر شدن دانه (43.26 روز) را داشت. بیشترین سرعت پر شدن دانه (0.002 گرم در روز) از تلقیح بذر با ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس در شرایط عدم اعمال شوری به دست آمد. بیشترین مقدار LAI در عدم محلول‌پاشی سایکوسل و تلقیح بذر با ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس در شرایط عدم اعمال شوری و کمترین مقدار آن در 65 روز پس از سبز شدن در محلول‌پاشی 1000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر سایکوسل و عدم پیش تیمار بذر با باکتری‌های محرک رشد و در شوری 90 میلی‌مولار به‌دقت آمد. سطوح شوری 30 و 60 میلی‌مولار اثرات کمی بر شاخص سبزینگی و هدایت روزنه‌ای داشت. بالاترین سطح سایکوسل در تلقیح بذر با ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس، بالاترین شاخص سبزینگی (SPAD) و هدایت روزنه‌ای را در عدم اعمال شوری نشان دادند. به‌طوری کلی می‌توان اظهار داشت که محلول‌پاشی 1000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر سایکوسل و تلقیح بذر با ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس عملکرد دانه را 20 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش داد و تلقیح توأم بذر با ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس حدود 15 درصد از کاهش عملکرد به‌واسطه شوری را جبران کردند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Akhgar, A., Khavaz, K., 2010. The roll of bacterial ACC deaminase enzyme on the alleviation of negative effects of salinity on canola growth. Journal of Water and Soil. 24(1), 154-165.
Akinrinde, E.A., 2006. Growth regulator and nitrogen fertilization effects on performance and nitrogen use efficiency of tall and dwarf varieties of rice (Oryza sativa). Biotechnology. 5, 268-276.
Albacete, A., Ghanem, M.E., Martínez-Andújar, C., Acosta, M., Sánchez-Bravo, J., Martínez, V., Lutts, S., Dodd, I.C., Pérez-Alfocea, F., 2008. Hormonal changes in relation to biomass partitioning and shoot growth impairment in salinized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Journal of Experimental Botany. 59, 4119 -4131.
Arshad, M., Frankenberger, W.T., 2002. Ethylene Agricultural Sources and Application. Kluwer Academic Publishers. New York.
Asch, F., Dingkuhn, M., Droffling, K., 2000. Salinity increases CO2 assimilation but reduces growth in field growth irrigated rice. Plant and Soil. 218, 1-10.
Azevedo Neto, A.D., Prisco, J.T., Eneas-Filho, J., Abreu, C.E.B., Filho, E.G., 2006. Effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize genotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 56, 87-94.
Balota, M., Cristescu, S., Payne, W.A., Hekkert, S.L., Laarhoven, L.J.J., Harren, F.J.M., 2004. Ethylene production of two wheat cultivars exposed to desiccation, heat and paraquat induced oxidation. Crop Science. 44, 812-818.
Bashan, Y., Ivanony, Y.H., Saad, A., 1989. Non specific response in plant growth, yield and root colonization of non-cereal crop plant to inoculation with Azospirilum brasilense. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67, 1317-1324.
Bandeoglu, E., Eyidogan, F., Yucel, M., Oktem, H.A., 2004. Antioxidant responses of shoots and roots of lentil to NaCl-salinity stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 42, 69-77.
Banerjee, M.R., Yesmin, L., Vessey, J.K., 2006. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers and biopesticides. In: Rai, M.K. (Eds.), Handbook of Microbial Biofertilizers. pp. 137-181.
Burton, J.D., Pedersen, M.K., Coble, H.D., 2008. Effect of cyclanilide on auxin activity. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 27, 342-352.
Cakmakci, R., Erat, M., Erdoman, U.G., Donmez, M.F., 2007. The influence of PGPR on growth parameters, antioxidant and pentos phosphate oxidative cycle enzymes in wheat and spinach plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 170, 288-295.
Cassan, F., Perrig, D., Sgroy, V., Masciarelli, O., Penna, C., Luna, V., 2009. Azospirillum brasilense Az39 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109, inoculated singly or in combination, promote seed germination and early seedling growth in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L). European Journal of Soil Biology. 45, 28- 35.
Chandrasekhar, B.R., Ambrose, G., Jayabalan, N., 2005. Influence of biofertilizer and nitrogen source level on the growth and yield of Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 1(2), 223 -234.
Chen, J., 2006. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer and/ or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. Taipei Food Fertilizer Technology. Bull. 17, 1-9.
Cuartero, J., Bolarin, M.C., Asins, M.J., Moreno, V., 2006. Increasing salt tolerance in tomato. Journal of Experimental Botany. 57, 1045-1058.
Cuin, T.A., Shabala, S., 2007. Compatible solutes reduce ROSinduced potassium efflux in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell and Environment. 30, 875-885.
De Lacerda, C.F., Cambraia, J., Oliva, M.A., Ruiz, H.A., Prisco, J.T., 2003. Solute accumulation and distribution during shoot and leaf development in two sorghum genotypes under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 49, 107-120.
Deivanai, S., Xavier, R., Vinod, V., Timalata, K., Lim, O.F., 2011. Role of Exogenous Proline in Ameliorating Salt Stress at Early Stage in Two Rice Cultivars. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry, 7(4), 157-174.
Dobbelaere, S., Vanderleyden, J., Yacovokon, Y., 2003. Plant growth-promoting effects of diazotrophs in the rhizosphere. Plant Science. 22, 107-149.
Ellis, H.R., Pieta-Filho, C., 1992. The development of seed quality in spring and winter cultivars of barley and wheat. Seed Science. 2, 19-25.
Emam, Y., Dasfal, M., 1997. Above and below ground responses of winter barely plants to chlromequat in moist and drying soil. Crop Research. 14 (3), 457-470.
Fathi, A., Jiriaie, M., 2014. Interaction of PGPR and water deficit stress on yield and protein percent in wheat. Advanced Crop Science. 4(4), 82-90.
Fletcher, R.A., Gilley, A., Sankhla, N., Davis, T.D., 2000. Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Horticultural Reviews. 24, 55-138.
Gamalero, E., Berta, G., Massa, N., Glick, B.R., Lingua, G., 2010. Interactions between Pseudomonas putida UW4 and Gigaspora rosea BEG9 and their consequences for the growth of cucumber under salt-stress conditions. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 108, 236- 245.
Giri, B., Mukerji, K.G., 2004. Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt stress in Susana aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field conditions, evidence for reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. Mycorrhiza. 14, 307-312.
Glick, B.R., Karaturovic, D.M., Newell, P.C., 1995. A novel procedure for rapid isolation of plant growth promoting pseudomonads. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 41, 533-536.
Gopi, R., Sridharon, R., Somasundaram, R., Alagulakshmanan, G.M., anneerselvam, R.P., 2005. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics as affected by triazols in Amorphophallus campanulatus. Genetics and Applied Plant Physiology. 31, 171-180.
Gramer, G.R., Alberico, G.J., Schmidt, C., 1994. Salt tolerance is not associated with the sodium accumulation of two maize hybrids. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 21(5), 675-682.
Guttieri, M.J., Stark, J.C., Brien, K.O., Souza, E. 2001. Relative sensitivity of spring wheat grain yield and quality parameters to moisture deficit. Crop Science. 41: 327-335.
Hadas, R., Okon, Y., 1987. Effect of Azospirillumbrasilenseon root morphology and respiration in tomato seedlings. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 5, 241-247.
Hagh Bahari, M., Seyed Sharifi, R., 2014. Effects of seed inoculation with growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) on yield, rate and grain filling at various levels of soil salinity. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 6(1), 65-75. [In Persian with English summary].
Hosni, A.M., 1996. Response of potted Chrysanthemum [Dendrathema grandiflorum (Ramat) Kitamural] cv Galaxy, with uniconazole and chlormequat (Ramat) Kitamural cv Galaxy,w ith uniconazole and chlormequat foliar sprays on medium drenches. Annals of Agricultural Science 41(1), 367-385.
Jat R.S., Ahlawat, I.P.S., 2006. Direct and residual effect of vermicompost, biofertilizers and phosphorus on soil nutrient dynamics and productivity of chickpea-fodder maize sequence. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 28(1), 41-54.
Kato, T., 1999. Genetic and environmental variations and associations of the characters related to the grain filling process in rice cultivars. Plant Production Science. 2, 32-36.
Kizilkaya, R., 2008. Yield response and nitrogen concentrations of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum strains. Ecological Engineering. 3(3), 150- 156.
Khanpour Kanzagh, M., Khavazi, K., Paknejad, F., Habibi, D., Majidi Fakhr, F., 2010. Effect of different levels of salinity and growth promoting on yield and yield components of wheat. Journal of Crop Production Research. 2(3), 215-223. [In Persian with English summary].
Ma, B.L., Smith, D.L., 1991. Apicial Development of Spring Barley in Relation to Chloromequat and Ethephon. Agronomy Journal. 83, 270-74.
Mabood, F., Smith, D.L., 2005. Pre-incubation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with jasmonates accelerates nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max L.) at optimal and suboptimal root zone temperatures. Journal of Plant Physiology. 125: 311-323.
Mader, P., Kaiser, F., Adholeya, A., Singh, R., Uppal, H.S., Sharma, A.K., Srivastava, R., Sahai, V., Aragno, M., Wiemken, A., Johri, B.N., Fried, P.M., 2011. Inoculation of root microorganisms for sustainable wheaterice and wheateblack gram rotations in India. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43: 609- 619.
Magnitskiy, S.V., Pasian, C.C., Bennett, M.A. Metzger, J.D., 2006. Controlling plug height of verbena, celosia, and pansy by treating seeds with paclobutrazol. Horticultural Science. 47, 158-167.
Marjovvi‚ A., Afioni, D., 2004. Effects of different irrigation water salinity on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of some wheat cultivars. Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Research Center. 25p. [In Persian with English summary].
Mashi, A., Galeshi, S., Zeinali, E., Noorinia, A., 2008. Salinity effect on seed yield and yield components in four Hull-les barley. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 14, 1-10.
Mass, E.V., Grieve, C.M., 1990. Spike and leaf development in salt stressed wheat. Crop Science. 30, 1309-1313.
Mayak, S., Tirosh, T., Glick, B., 2004. Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 42, 565-572.
Mojtabaei Zamani, M., Esfahani, M., Honarnejad, R., Allagholipor, M., 2006. Investigating the rate and filling period correlation with yield component and other physiological parameter in rice cultivars. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 10, 213-224. [In Persian with English summary].
Murkovic, M., Hillebrand, A., Winker, H., Pfannhauser, W., 1996. Variability of vitamin E content in pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.). Zlebensm Unters Forsch. 202, 275-278.
Naseri, R., Syadat S.A., Mirzayi, A and Soleimani fard, A. 2010. The effect of Azotobacter and Psudomonas bacteria in reducing nitrogen fertilizer in safflower. National Conference on Advances in crop production plant origin, Islamic Azad University Bojnoord, 7-1.
Neocleous, D., Vasilakakis, M., 2007. Effects of NaCl stress on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. "Autumn Bliss"). Scientia Horticulture 112, 282-289.
Omidi, H., Sorushzadeh, A., Salehi, A., Dinghizli, F., 2005. Evaluation of priming effects on germination of rapeseed. Agricultural Sciences and Industrials.19, 125- 135. [In Persian with English summary].
Orabi, S.A., Salman, S.R., Shalaby, A.F., 2010. Increasing resistance to oxidative damage in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants by exogenous application of salicylic acid and paclobutrazol. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 6, 252- 259.
Pessarakli, M., 1999. Hand book of plant and crop stress. 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., Emam, Y., Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R. 2012. Exogenous application of salicylic acid and chlormequat chloride alleviates negative effects of drought stress in wheat. Advanced Studies in Biology. 4, 501-520.
Rashid, S., Charles, T.C., Glick, B.R., 2012. Isolation and characterization of new plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes. Applied Soil Ecology. 61, 217-224.
Ronanini, D.R., Savin, R., Hall, A.J., 2004. Dynamic of fruit growth and oil quality of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) exposed to brief interval of high temperature during grain filling. Field Crops Research. 83, 79-90.
Royo, C., Abaza, M., Blanco, R., Garcı´a del Moral, L.F., 2000. Triticale grain growth and morphometry as affected by drought stress, late sowing and simulated drought stress. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 27, 1051-1059.
Rodriguez, P., Torrecillas, A., Morales, M.A., Ortuno, M.F., Blanco, M.J., 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 53, 113-123.
Seyed Sharifi, R., Khavazi, K., 2011. Effects of seed priming with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and yield attributes of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 9 (3, 4), 496-500.
Saini, J.S., Jolley, R.S., Singh, O.S., 1987. Influence of chlormequat on growth and yield of irrigated and rainfed Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in the field. Experimental Agriculture, 23, 319-324.
Shaalan, M.N., 2005. Influence of biofertilizers and chicken manure on growth, yield and seeds quality of (Nigella sativa L.) plants. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research. 83, 811-828.
Singh, B., Singh, Y.J., Ladha, K.K., Bronson, F., Balasubramanian, V., Singh, Y., Khind, C.S., 2002. Chlorophyll meter-and leaf color chart- based nitrogen management for rice and wheat in northwestern India. Agronomy Journal. 94, 821-829.
Singh, P.K., Chandel, A.S., 2005. Effect of Biozyme on yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian Journal of Agronomy. 5, 58-60.
Soltani, A., Galeshi, S., Zenali, E., Latifi, N., 2008. Germination seed reserve utilization and growth of chickpea as affected by salinity and seed size. Seed Science and Technology. 30, 51-60.
Stepien, P., Klobus, G., 2006. Water relations and photosynthesis in Cucumis sativus L. leaves under salt stress. Biologia Plantarum. 50(4): 610-616.
Syverud, T.D., Walsh, L.M., Oplinger, E.S., Kelling, K.A., 1980. Foliar fertilization of soybean (Glycine max L.). Communication Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 11, 637-651.
Tanwar, S.P.S., Sharma, G.L., Chahar, M.S., 2002. Effects of phosphorus abd biofertilizers on growth and productivity of black gram. Annals of Agricultural Science. 23(3), 491-493.
Ukeda, T., Masuda, Y., Yamanaka, A., Sagiska, S., 1991. Abrupt increase in the level of hydrogen peroxide in leaves of winter wheat is caused by cold treatment. Plant Physiology. 97, 1265-1267.
Vessey, J.K., 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizer. Plant and Soil. 225, 571-586.
Wang, W.B., Kim, Y.H., Lee, H.S., Kim, K.Y., Deng, X.P., Kwak, S.S., 2009. Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity during germination of alfalfa under salt and drought stresses. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 47, 570-577.
Wani, P., Chandraplaiah, S., Zamber, M.M.A., Lee, K.L.C., 2007. Association between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and pearl millet plant, responses mechanism and resistance. Plant and Soil. 110, 284-302.
Yadav, K.S., Singh, D.P., Sunita, S., Neeru, N., Lakshminarayana, K., Suneja, S., Narula, N., 2000. Effect of Azotobacter chroococcum on yield and nitrogen economy in wheat (Triticum aestivum.L) under field conditions. Environment and Ecology. 18, 109-113.
)