نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری
نویسنده
استادیار موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مراغه، ایران
چکیده
گیاهان در محیط تحت‌تأثیر تنشهای مختلف زیستی و غیرزیستی قرار دارند که این تنش‌ها بسته به مدت، شدت و مرحله رشدی گیاه می‌توانند فرایند فتوسنتز را کاهش و رشد و نمو و عملکرد آن‌ها را تحت‌تأثیر قرار دهند. مطالعه فتوسنتز با روشهایی همچون آنالیز تبادلات گازی شامل دی‌اکسیدکربن، بخار آب و اکسیژن زمان‌بر بوده و اطلاعات کاملی از تمام ساختار دستگاه فتوسنتزی در اختیار قرار نمی‌دهند. بااین‌وجود، اندازه‌گیری و کاربرد تکنیک فلورسانس کلروفیل روشی بسیار ساده، غیرتخریبی و سریع برای ارزیابی واکنش‌های فتوسنتزی است. مطالعه فلورسانس کلروفیل امکان تحلیل وضعیت مراکز واکنشی فتوسیستم II و کمپلکس‌های دریافت دریافت‌کننده نور را فراهم می‌آورد. این شاخص همبستگی بالایی با سایر پارامترهایی فیزیولوژیکی تحت تنشهای مختلف محیطی دارد. شاخص کارایی فتوسنتز به‌عنوان شاخصی حساس برای ارزیابی تنش خشکی است به‌طوری‌که سطح مراکز واکنشی فعال در کلروفیل، واکنش‌های فتوشیمیایی اولیه و انتقال الکترون تحت‌تأثیر تنش خشکی قرار می‌گیرد. تحت تنش شوری میزان فلورسانس متغیر، فلورسانس حداکثر، انرژی لازم برای بسته‌شدن مراکز واکنشی و شاخص کارایی فتوسنتزی کاهش و در مقابل زمان لازم برای رسیدن به فلورسانس حداکثر افزایش می‌یابد. تحت تنش سرما بیشترین میزان جریان انتقال الکترون به‌ازای مراکز واکنشی، عملکرد کوانتومی فتوسیستم II، و کارایی کمپلکس تجزیه آب در فتوسیستم II کاهش می‌یابد. عناصر غذایی به‌ویژه پتاسیم مراحل وابسته به نور همچون اندازه آنتن‌های دریافت‌کننده و ارتباط الکترونی مراکز واکنشی فتوسیستم II را تحت‌تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. بخش گیرنده الکترون فتوسیستم II محل اصلی مهار انتقال الکترون فتوسنتزی تحت کاربرد علف‌کش‌ها است. ازاین‌رو، فلورسانس کلروفیل یک شاخص معتبر برای ارزیابی واکنش فتوسیستم II در شرایط تنشهای محیطی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
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