Abid, M., Ali, S., Qi, L.K., Zahoor, R., Tian Z., Jiang, D., Snider, J.L., Dai, T., 2018. Physiological and biochemical changes during drought and recovery periods at tillering and jointing stages in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Scientific Reports. 8, 4615. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-018-21441-7
Ajalli, J., Salehi, M., 2012. Evaluation of drought stress indices in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Annals of Biological Research. 3, 5515-5520.
Al-Ajlouni, Z.I., Al-Abdallat, A.M., Al-Ghzawi, A.L.A., AYad, J.Y., Abu Elenein, J.M., Al-Quraan, N.A., Baenziger, S., 2016. Impact of preanthesis water deficit on yield and yield components in barley (
Hordeum vulgare L.). plants grown under controlled conditions. Agronomy. 6, 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy6020033
Arnall, D.B., Mallarino, A.P., Ruark, M.D., Varvel, G.E., Solie, J.B., Stone, M.L., Mullock, J.L. Taylor, R.K., Raun. W.R., 2013. Relationship between grain crop yield potential and nitrogen response. Journal of Agronomy. 105, 1335-1344.
Bardehji, S., Eshghizadeh H.R., Zahedi, M., 2020. Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and some physiological traits of six barley cultivars. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 9, 1-14. [In Persian with English summary]
Bates, L.S., Walderen, R.D., Taere, I.D., 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil. 39, 205-207
Bohrani, A. Z., Tahmasbi, A., 2005. The spliting and amount of nitrogen on quality and quantity in two types of winter wheat. Journal of Agriculture Science Iran. 36, 1263-1271. [In Persian with English summary]
Desuloux, D., Huynh, T.T., Roumet, P., 2000. Identification of soybean plant characteristics that indicate the timing of drought stress. Crop Science. 40, 716-722.
Ebadi, A., Sajed, K., Sanjari, O., 2011. Effect of irrigation cut off on dry matter remobilization and some agronomic traits in spring barley. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 4, 37-19. [In Persian with English summary]
Fatemi, R., Yarnia, M., Mohammadi, S., Khalil Vand, E., Mirashkari, B., 2019. Evaluation of adaptability, yield potential and relationship between traits in barley variety and lines in West Azerbaijan. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 12, 709-724. [In Persian with English summary]
Fathi, G.H., Enayat Gholizadeh, M.R., 2010. Effect of low consumption of fertilizers, iron, zinc and copper on growth and yield of barley weather conditions in Khuzestan. Journal of Specialization Crop Physiology. 1, 34-45. [In Persian with English summary]
.Francia, E., Tondelli, A., Rizza, F., Badeck, F.W., Thomas, W., Eeuwijk, F.A.V., Romagosa Clariana, I., Stanca, A.M., Pecchioni, N., 2011. Determinants of barley grain yield in drought-prone Mediterranean environments. Italian Journal of Agronomy. 8, 1-8.
Gadri, K., Mohammadi.S., Dadashi, M.R., Majidi, A., 2020.The response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to nitrogen fertilizer application under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 1, 73-84. [In Persian with English summary]
.Ghaemi, A.A., Zamani, B., 2015. Effect of different level of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of barley in badjgah (Fars province). Journal of Water and Soil. 29, 954-965. [In Persian with English summary]
.Ghafari, H., Tadayon, M.R., Nadeem, M., Cheema, M, Razmjoo, J., 2019. Proline-mediated changes in antioxidant enzymatic activities and the physiology of sugar beet under drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 41, 23-39.
Hamurcu, M., Khan, M.K., Pandey, A., Ozdemir, C., Avsaroglu, Z.Z., Elbasan, F., Omay, A.H., Gezgin, S., 2020. Nitric oxide regulates watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) responses to drought stress. Biotechnology. 10, 1–14.
Han, M., Wong, J., Su, T., Beatty, P. H., Good, A. G., 2016. Identification of nitrogen use efficiency genes in Barley: searching for QTLs controlling complex physiological traits. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7, 1587.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01587.
Imam. Y., 2004. Cereal Crops. Shiraz University Press. Iran. 188 p. [In Persian].
Majnon Hosseini, N., 2011. Cereal Crops. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran, 221 P. [In Persian].
Moosavi, S.M., Zahedi-No, M., Chaichi Abdollahi, M., 2014. Assessment of diversity and identifying of effective traits on grain yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under nonstress and terminal moisture stress conditions. Cereal Research. 4, 155-173. [In Persian with English summary].
Movlud, A., 2015. Effect of nitrogen application on some characteristics of drought tolerance in spring barley. The Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 8, 95-114. [In Persian with English summary].
Nematpour, A., Eshghizadeh, H. R., Zahedi, M., 2019. Drought-tolerance mechanisms in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) under different nitrogen supply and sowing dates. Crop and Pasture Science. 70, 442-452. [In Persian with English summary].
Niazifard.A., 2017. Effect of terminal drought stress on agronomic traits of irrigated barley lines and cultivars. Agroecology Journal. 13, 69-77. [In Persian with English summary].
Noble Amoah, J., Seo, W. Y., 2021. Efect of progressive drought stress on physio biochemical responses and gene expression patterns in wheat. Biotechnology. 11, 440-428.
Oelke, E.A., Oplinger, E.S., Teynor, T.M., 2004. Safflower. University of Minnesota. pp. 97-109.
Parvezkhan, M., Imtiaz, Y., Aslam, M., 2009. Response of wheat to foliar and soil application of Urea at different growth stage. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41, 1197-1204.
Paye, W.A., 2000. Water relations of sparse canopied crops. Agronomy Journal. 92, 807- 814.
Plaza-Bonilla, D., Lampurlan´es, L., Fern´andez. F. G., Cantero-Martínez, C., 2021. Nitrogen fertilization strategies for improved Mediterranean rainfed wheat and barley performance and water and nitrogen use efficiency, European Journal of Agronomy. 124, 1-12.
Ramak, M., Khavari Nejad, R., Hidari Sharifabad, H., Rafiee, M., Khademi, K., 2014. The effect of water stress on dry weight and photosynthetic pigments in two sainfoin species. Iranian Journal of Rangelands Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. 14, 91-80. [In Persian with English summary].
Richard, R.A., Condon, A.G., Rebetzke, G.J., 2001. Traits to improve yield in dry environments. In: Reynolds, M.P., J.U. Ortiz-Monasterio, and A., Mcnab (ds). Application of physiology in wheat breeding. Mexico: CIMMYT.
Rowshani, R., Soleymani, A., Mahlooji, M., Naderi, M.R., 2022. Evaluation of the effect of foliar application on some physiological indicators affecting the growth and yield of barley cultivars under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Science Research in Arid Regions. 3, 319-337. [In Persian with English summary].
Sattari, O., Mirzakhani, M., Hashemi, A., 2017. Effect of seeding rate and nitrogen levels on agronomic characteristics and nitrogen use efficiency of barley cultivar (MB-82-12). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 9, 101-109. [In Persian with English summary].
Schussler, J.R., Westgate, M.E., 1991. Maize kernel set Crop Science. 31, 1189- 1195
Soleimani, A., Valizadeh, M., Darvishzadeh, R., Aharizad, S., Alipour, H., 2017. Evaluation of Yield and Yield Component of Spring Barely Genotypes under Late Season Drought Stress. Journal of Crop Breeding. 9, 105-106. [In Persian with English summary].
Tabatabaei, S.A., Ghasemi, A., Shakeri. S., 2011. Effect of water stress on yield, yield components and oil content of canola cultivars. Crops Physiology. 39, 53-41. [In Persian with English summary].
Tatsumi, J., 1982. Growth of crops and transport nitrogen. Growth of crop roots and transport of nitrogen. Journal of Horticulture Science. 57, 637– 638.
Yilmaz, Z., Tanner, D.G., 1994. Response of bread wheat to rate and timing of nitrogen application in a marginal rainfall zone in Ethiopia. African Crop Science Journal (Uganda). 24, 208-215.
Yousefi Rad, M., Asghari, M., Mohammadi, M., Masoumi, A., 2016. Effect of drought stress on yield, yield components and some physiological characteristics of seven barley cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Research. 7, 297-308. [In Persian with English summary].
Zahedi, H., 2016. Effects of different manures and water stress on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 9, 94-83. [In Persian with English summary].
Zhang, K.M., Tian, G., Li, X.H., Zhang, Z.Z., Liu, J., Li, Y.H., Xie, J.F., Wang, P.F., 2020. ROS Produced via BsRBOHD Plays an Important Role in Low Temperature-Induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Begonia semperflorens. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 67, 250–258.
Zhang, N., Zhao, B., Zhang, H.J., Weeda, S., Yang, C., Yang, Z.C., Ren, S.X., Guo, Y.D., 2013. Melatonin promotes water-stress tolerance, lateral root formation, and seed germination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Journal of Pineal Research, 54, 15–23.
Zhen, S., Deng, X., Zhang, M., Zhu, G., Lv, D., Wang, Y., Zhu, D., Yan, Y., 2017. Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis under high-nitrogen fertilizer reveals central phosphoproteins promoting Wheat grain starch and protein synthesis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00067.