نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند

2 دانشیار گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند

3 گروه پژوهشی گیاه و تنش های محیطی، دانشگاه بیرجند

4 استاد گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند

چکیده

خارشتر گیاهی چند ساله و شورزی است که قابلیت تولید علوفه در اراضی شور را دارد. به منظور بررسی تغییرات کیفیت علوفه این گیاه تحت تأثیر شوری و تراکم در دو اکوتیپ خارشتر، آزمایشی در قالب اسپلیت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار در دو مکان(بیرجند و سربیشه) اجرا گردید. کرت‌های اصلی شامل سطوح شوری آب آبیاری(3.5، 7.5 و 12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر، ناشی از کلرید سدیم ) بودند. کرت‌های فرعی ترکیب سطوح اکوتیپ (وشمگیر و کرند) و تراکم (10 و 20 بوته در متر مربع) بودند. در پایان فصل رشد مقادیر پروتئین، چربی و خاکستر خام، فیبر حل‌شونده در شوینده اسیدی و خنثی، انرژی متابولیسمی و ماده خشک قابل هضم علوفه، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. پروتئین خام تحت تأثیر شوری به طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت، لیکن چربی خام در دو اکوتیپ مورد مطالعه عکس العمل متفاوتی نسبت به شوری نشان داد، به گونه‌ای که با افزایش شوری چربی خام در اکوتیپ کرند کاهش و در اکوتیپ وشمگیر افزایش معنی‌داری یافت. افزایش تراکم در بیرجند منجر به افزایش معنی‌دار انرژی متابولیسمی و کاهش معنی‌دار فیبر حل‌شونده در شوینده اسیدی گردید ولی در سربیشه تأثیر معنی‌داری بر این صفات نداشت. افزایش تراکم بوته در سطح شوری 12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار فیبر حل‌شونده در شوینده خنثی شد، ولی در سایر سطوح شوری آب آبیاری، اثر آن معنی‌دار نبود. اعمال شوری منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار عملکرد علوفه‌تر گردید ولی افزایش شوری از 5/7 به 12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر تأثیری بر عملکرد علوفه نداشت. کیفیت علوفه تولیدی در سربیشه بالاتر از بیرجند بود، هر چند اکوتیپ کرند در بیرجند و اکوتیپ وشمگیر در سربیشه کیفیت علوفه بالاتری را نشان دادند. بر اساس نتایج حاصله، در سطوح بالای شوری آب آبیاری، کشت خارشتر با تراکم بالاتر، می‌تواند منجر به تولید علوفه با کیفیت‌تری شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

 Al-Dakheel, A.J., Hussain, M.I., Rahman, A., 2015. Impact of irrigation water salinity on agronomical and quality attributes of Cenchrus ciliaris L. accessions. Agricultural Water Management, 159, 148–154.
Amiri, B., Assareh, M.h., Jafari, M., Rasuli, B., and Jafari, A.A. 2012. Effect of NaCl and Na2SO4 on germination and seedling growth of Salicornia herbacea and Alhagi persarum. Iranian journal of Range and Desert Research, 19, 233-243. [In Persian]
Annicchiarico, P., Scotti, C., Carelli, M., Pecetti, L., 2010. Questions and avenues for lucerne improvement. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 46, 1–13.
Araus, J.L., Rezzouk, F.Z., Thushar, S., Shahid, M., Elouafi, A., Bort, J., Serret, D., 2021. Effect of irrigation salinity and ecotype on the growth, physiological indicators and seed yield and quality of Salicornia europaea. Plant Science, 304, 1-13.
Arzani, H., Motamedi, J., Zare Chahoki, M.A. 2010. Report of national project “Forage quality of range species in Iran”, Organization of Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management of Iran, 230 p. [In Persian]
 Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed., Animal Feed, chapter 4, p.54: Arlington: AOAC International.
Atrian P. 2009. Sheep Nutrition, First edition, Aeej press, 348p.
Bachlava, E., Cardinal, A. J., 2009 .Correlation between Temperature and Oleic Acid Seed Content in Three Segregating Soybean Populations. Crop Science, 49 (4), 1328-1335.
Baghestani Maybodi, N., Sanadgol, A.A., Zare, M.T., 2007. Effect of plant row spaces and cutting methods on forage quality of Atriplex lentiformis in Yazd province. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 73, 55-64. [In Persian with English Summary]
Bahraini, M.J., Dehghani Ghenateghestani, A., 2004. Summer forage sorghum yield, protein and prussic acid contents as affected by plant density and nitrogen topdressing. Journal of /agricultural science and Technology, 6, 73-83.
Bahraini, B., Allahdadi, M., 2020. Effect of saline irrigated water on forage quality of global artichoke (Cynara cardunculus Var. scolymus L.) Iran agricultural Research, 39, (1), 59-66.
Bellaloui, N., Mengistu. A., Kassem, M.A., 2013. Effect of genetics and environment on fatty acid stability in soybean seed. Food and Nutrition Science, 4, 165-175.
Blaise, D., Singh, J.V., Bonde, A.N., Tekale, K.U., Mayee., C.D., 2005. Effects of farmyard manure and fertilizers on yield, fiber quality and nutrient balance of rainfed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Bioresource Technology, 96 (3), 345–349.
Casler, M.D., 2001. Breeding forage crops for increased nutritional value. Advance in Agronomy, 71, 51–107.
Craine, J.M., Elmore, A.J., Olson, K.C. Tolleson, D., 2010. Climate change and cattle nutritional stress. Global Change Biology, 16 (10), 2901-2911.
Coruh, I., Tan, M., 2008. Lucerne persistence, yield and quality as influenced by stand aging. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 51, 39-43.
Davazdahemami, S., Alizadeh, M., Zeinali, H., Jalali, S., 2020. Yield and nutritive value of sainfoin (Onobrychis vicifolia Scop.). Iranian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 9 (1), 1-9.
El Shaer, H.M., 2010. Halophytes and salt-tolerant plants as potential forage for ruminants in the Near East region. Small Ruminant Research, 91, 3–12.
Flowers, T.J., Hajibagheri, M.A., Clipson, N.J.W., 1986. Halophytes. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 61, 313–337.
Flowers, T.J., Colmer, T.D., 2008. Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytologist, 179, 945–963.
Ferreira, G., Alfonso, M., Depino, S., Alessandri, E. 2014. Effect of planting density on nutritional quality of green-chopped corn for silage. Dairy Science, 97, 5918–5921.
Gallego-Giraldo, L., Shadle, G., Shen, H., Barros-Rios, J., Fresquet, S., Wang, H., Dixon, R., 2016. Combining enhanced biomass density with reduced lignin level for improved forage quality. Plant Biotechnology, 14, 895–904.
Gaffarian, M.R., Yadavi, A., Movahhedi Denavi, M., Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab, A., Salehi, M. 2020. Improvement of physiological indices and biological yield by intercropping of kochia (Kochia scoparia), sesbania (Sesbania aculeate) and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoliba) under the salinity stress of irrigation water. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 26, 1319-1330.
Han, K., Liu, B., Liu, P., Wang, Z., 2020. The optimal plant density of maize for dairy cow forage production. Agronomy. 112 (3), 1-13.
Hedayati-Firoozabadi, A., Kazemeini, S.A., Pirasteh- Anosheh, H., Ghadiri, H., Pessarakli, M., 2020. Forage yield and quality as affected by salt stress in different ratios of Sorghum bicolor- Bassia indica intercropping. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43 (17), 2579-2589.
Jahanzad, E., Jorat, M., Moghadam, H., Sadeghpour, A., Chaichi, M.R., Dashtaki, M. 2013. Response of a new and a commonly grown forage sorghum cultivar to limited irrigation and planting density. Agricultral Water Management, 117, 62-69.
Julier, B., Huyghe, C.  Ecalle, C., 2000. Within- and among- cultivar genetic variation in alfalfa forage quality, morphology and yield. Crop Science, 40,365-369.
Kazemi, M., Ghasemi Bezdi, K., 2021. An investigation of the nutritional value of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) at three growth stage and it’s substitution with part of the forage in Afshari ewes diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 271, 1-11.
Laghari, A.H., Memon, A.A., Memon, S., Nelofar, A., Khan, K.M., Yasmin, A. 2012. Determination of free phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts obtained from leaves and flowers of camel thorn (Alhagi maurorum). Natural Products Researches, 26 (2), 173–176.
Lamb, J.F.S., HJ.G. Jung, C.C. Sheaffer, Samac, D.A., 2007. Alfalfa leaf protein and stem carbohydrate and lignin content under hay and biomass management systems. Crop Science, 47, 1407-1415.
Masters, D.G., Benes, S.E., Norman, H.C., 2007. Biosaline agriculture for forage and livestock production. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 119, 234–248.
Masters, D., Tiong, M., Vercoe, P., Norman, H., 2010. The nutritive value of river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola) when grown in different concentrations of sodium chloride irrigation solution. Small Ruminant Research, 91 (1), 56–62.
Mekonen, T., Tolera, A., Nurfeta, A., Bradford, B., Mekasha, A., 2021. Location and plant spacing affected biomass yield and nutritional value of pigeon pea forage. Agronomy, 2021, 1-20.
Monirifar, H., Mirmozaffari Roudsari, A., Ghassemi, S., Tavasolee, A., 2020. Harvest time and cultivar effect on growth, physiological traits, yield and quality of alfalfa in saline condition. International Journal of Plant Production, 13, 453-462.
Moor, K.J., Collins, M., Nelson, C.J., Redfearn, D.D., 2020. Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture, Volume 2, 7th (eds). Wiley, Croydon, UK, PP: 608-714.
Muhammad, G., Muhammad, A.H., Farooq, A., Muhammas, A., Anwar-Hassan, G., 2014. Alhagi: A plant genus rich in bioactive for pharmaceoticals, Phytotherapy Research, 29 (1), 1-13.
Munns, R., 2005. Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytologist, 167, 645–663.
Nabati, J., Kafi, M., Nezami, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Masoumi, A., Zare Mehrgerdi. M.2014. Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage kochia (Kochia scoparia) in different salinity levels and time. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12:613–620.
Naseri, H., Lashkari sanami, N., Sadeghi Sangdehi, S.A., 2019. Forage quality change of camel’s feeding in the Maranjab desert.  Range and Watershed Management, 71 (4), 1099-1109. [In Persian with English Summary]
Negra ˜o, S., Schmo ckel, S., Tester, M., 2017. Evaluating physiological responses of plants to salinity stress. Annals of Botany, 119 (1), 1–11.
Neu, A.E., Sheaffer, C.C., Undersander, J., Hall. M.H., Kniffen, D.M., Wells, M.S., Catalano, D.N., Martinson, K.L., 2017. Hay rake-type effect on ash and forage nutritive values of alfalfa hay. Agronomy. 109 (5), 2163-2171.
Panta, S., flowers, T., Lane P., Doyle, R., Haros, G., 2014. Halophyte agriculture: success stories. Environmental and experimental Botany, 107, 71-83.
Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., Shiran Tafti, M., Dehghani, F., Ranjbar, G., 2021. Evaluation the ability of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum Medik.) growth in saline lands. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 28 (3), 507-519.
Piri. A., Palangi, A. and Eivazi, P., 2012. The determination of nutritive value of Alhagi by in situ and gas production techniques, European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(3), 846–849.
Rao, S.C., Coleman, S.W., Mayeux, H.S., 2002. Forage production and nutritive value of selected pigeonpea ecotypes in the southern Great Plains. Crop Science, 42 (4), 1259-1263.
Rozema, J., Flowers, T., 2008. Crops for a salinized world. Science, 322, 1478–1480.
Saroya, A.S., 2013. Controversial Herbal Drugs of Ayurveda. Scientific Publishers, India, 279 P.
Seiter, S., Altemose, C.E., Davis, H., 2004. Forage soybean yield and quality responses to plant density and row distance.  Agronomy Journal, 96, 966-970.
Song, J., Chen, M., Feng, G., Jia, Y., Wang, B., Zhang, F., 2009. Effect of salinity on growth, ion accumulation and the roles of ions in osmotic adjustment of two populations of Suaeda salsa. Plant Soil, 314, 133–141.
Standing Committee on Agriculture (SCA). 1990. CSIRO. Melbourne, Australia, 266 p.
Tang, G.Q., Novitzky, W.P., Griffin, H.C., Huber, S.C., Dewey, R.E., 2005. Oleate Desaturase Enzymes of Soybean: Evidence of Regulation through Differential Stability and Phosphorylation, Plant Journal, 44 (3), 433-446.
Towhidi, A., Zhandi, M., 2007. Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and palatability of nine plant species for dromedary camels in the province of Semnan, Iran., Egyptian Journal of Biology, 9, 47–52.
Ventura, Y., Eshel A., Pasternak, D., Sagi, M., 2015. The development of halophyte-based agriculture: past and present. Annals of Botany, 115 (3), 1-12.
Wang, X., He, H., Kou, S., Zhou, Y., Liu, Z., Yang, Y., Zhou, W., 2019. Effect of different planting densities on biomass yield and quality for various varieties of silage maize. Pratacultural Science, 36 (1), 169–177.
Yadav, S.P., Bharadwaj, R., Nayak, H., Mahto, R., Singh, R.K., Prasad, S.K., 2019. Impact of salt stress on growth, productivity and physicochemical properties of plants: a Review. International Journal of Computing Sociology Computing Sociology, 7,1793–1798.
Yin, L., Xu, H., Dong, S., Chu, J., Dai, X., He, M., 2019. Optimised nitrogen allocation favours improvement in canopy photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency: Evidence from late-sown winter wheat. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 159, 75–86.
Zou, G.A., Mansur, S., Hu, S.C., Aisa, H.A., Shakhidoyatov, K.M., 2012. Pyrrole alkaloids from Alhagi sparsifolia. Chemistery Natural Products, 48(4), 635–637.