نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد بخش اگرواکولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز

2 استادیار بخش اگرواکولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز

3 دانشیار بخش اگرواکولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز

چکیده

با توجه به تأثیر قابل ‌توجه انتقال مجدد مواد پرورده قبل از مرحله گلدهی در عملکرد دانه غلات به‌ویژه در شرایط تنش آبی انتهای فصل، آزمایشی مزرعه ­ای برای ارزیابی تأثیر تنش آبی بعد از مرحله گلدهی در شرایط کاربرد کود زیستی و بقایای گیاهی بر انتقال مجدد مواد پرورده در گیاه جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) به‌صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب - دانشگاه شیراز در سال زراعی 97-1396 انجام شد. عامل­ های اصلی شامل دو سطح آبیاری [1- بدون تنش آبی: آبیاری بر اساس نیاز آبی گیاه تا مرحله رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک و 2- با تنش آبی: آبیاری بر اساس نیاز آبی گیاه تا انتهای مرحله‌ی گلدهی (قطع آبیاری پس از گلدهی)] و عامل­های فرعی شامل دو سطح بقایای گندم [1- حذف بقایا و 2- برگرداندن 30 درصد بقایا به خاک] و چهار منبع کود [1- صفر کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار (شاهد)، 2- کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار، 3- استفاده تلفیقی از باکتری آزوسپیریلوم و 50 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار و 4- تلقیح بذرها با باکتری آزوسپیریلوم] بود. به‌طورکلی نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد دانه در شرایط آبیاری بدون تنش آبی به‌واسطه‌ی کاربرد تیمار تلفیقی به‌طور معنی­ داری (53 درصد) نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت. همچنین در شرایط با تنش آبی نیز این تیمار کودی سبب افزایش 12 درصدی در عملکرد دانه نسبت به شاهد شد. تنش‌ آبی سبب افزایش معنی­دار مقدار انتقال مجدد و مشارکت مواد پرورده قبل از گلدهی به دانه در تیمار تلفیقی به ترتیب به میزان 37 و 148 درصد شد. کاربرد بقایا سبب کاهش میزان انتقال مجدد، کارایی انتقال مجدد و مشارکت مواد پرورده قبل از گلدهی به دانه در همه­ی تیمار‌های کودی شد؛ اما بر عملکرد دانه تأثیر معنی­ داری نداشت؛ بنابراین، با توجه به جنبه­های اقتصادی و حرکت به سمت کشاورزی پایدار، استفاده از تیمار تلفیقی در شرایط آبیاری بدون تنش آبی توصیه می‌شود. همچنین، چنانچه به دلیل کمبود منابع آب در جنوب ایران، کشاورزان ناگزیر به قطع آبیاری پس از مرحله­ی گلدهی باشند، کاربرد تیمار تلفیقی به دلیل افزایش معنی­دار انتقال مجدد و میزان مشارکت مواد پرورده در دانه نسبت به شرایط بدون تنش آبی و بالاترین مقدار عملکرد دانه در بین سایر تیمارهای کودی در شرایط قطع آبیاری پس از گلدهی قابل توصیه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Abdul-Jaleel, C., Manivannan, P., Sankar, B., Kishorekumar, A., Gopi, R., Somasundaram, R., Panneerselvam, R., 2007. Pseudomonasfluorescens enhances biomass yield and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus under water deficit stress. Colloids And Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 60(1), 7-11.
Alizadeh, A., 1999. Soil-Water-Plant Relationship. Emam Reza University, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian].
Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. Guide lines for computing crop water requirements (Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56) Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
Amoo-Aghaie, R., Mostajeran, A., Emtiazi, G., 2004. Effect of Azospirillum bacteria on some growth parameters and yield of three wheat cultivars. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 7(2), 127-138. [In Persian with English Summary].
Bahrani A., Tahmasbi-sarvestani Z.A.A., 2006. Effects of rate and time of nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield component, and dry matter remobilization efficiency in two winter wheat cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 12(2), 369-377. [In Persian with English Summary].
Bahrani, A., Hamedi, S., Tadayon, M.S., 2013. Response of wheat and barley to nitrogen and drought stress. Plant Ecophysiology. 5, 1-14. [In Persian with English Summary]
Bahrani, A., Heidari-Sharif-Abad, H., Tahmasebi-Savestani, Z., Moafpourian, G.H., Ayenehband, A., 2009. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) response to nitrogen and post-anthesis water deficit. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science. 6(2), 231-239.
Barati, V., Ghadiri, H., 2017. Assimilate and nitrogen remobilization of six-rowed and two-rowed winter barley under drought stress at different nitrogen fertilization. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 63(6), 841-855.
Barati, V., Ghadiri, H., 2016. Effects of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and protein content of two barley cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 20, 191-206. [In Persian with English Summary].
Barati, V., Ghadiri, H., Zand-Parsa, Sh., Karimian, N., 2015. Nitrogen and water use efficiencies and yield response of barley cultivars under different irrigation and nitrogen regimes in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 6, 15-32.
Bijanzadeh, E., Emam, Y., 2012. Evaluation of assimilate remobilization and yield of wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes in an arid climate. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 58(11), 1243-1259.
Bijanzadeh, E., Naderi, R., 2015. Remobilization efficiency and photosynthetic characteristics of five barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under terminal drought stress. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 61(8), 1199-1210.
Bonnett, GD., Incoll, LD., 1992. The potential pre-anthesis and post-anthesis contributions of stem internodes to grain yield in crops of winter barley. Annals of Botany. 69, 219-225.
Compant, S., Van Der Heijden, M.G., Sessitsch, A., 2010. Climate change effects on beneficial plant–microorganism interactions. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 73, 97-214.
Cox C.M., Qualset C.O., Rains D.W., 1985. Genetic variation for nitrogen assimilation and translocation in wheat. I. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation. Crop Scince. 25(3), 430-435.
Ebrahimpour, F., Eidizadeh, Kh., Mahdavi-Damghani, A., Rezvani, M., 2011. Effects of Biofertilizer application method with integrated chemical fertilizers on maize production and some chemical characteristics of soil. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 10(1), 240- 246. [In Persian with English Summary].
Emam, Y., Niknejhad, M. 2011. An Introduction to the Physiology of Crop Yield. Shiraz University Press. [In Persian].
Ercoli, L., Lulli, L., Mariotti, M., Masoni, A., Arduini, I., 2008. Post-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen dynamics in durum wheat as affected by nitrogen supply and soil water availability. European Journal of Agronomy. 28(2), 138-147.
Fallah-heravi, A., Abbasdukht, H., Zare-feizabadi, A., Gholami, A., 2015. Effects of conventional and conservation tillage with management residue on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) physiological properties. Iranian Journal of Filed Crop Science. 47, 277-289. [In Persian with English Summary].
Gallagher, J.N., Biscoe, P.V., Scott, R.K., 1975. Barley and its environment. V. Stability of grain weight. Journal of Applied Ecology. 12, 319-336.
Grimes, D., Yamada, H., Hughes, S., 1987. Climate-normalized cotton leaf water potentials for irrigation scheduling. Agricultural Water Management. 12, 293-304.
Hadi, H., Babaei, N., Daneshian, J., Arzanesh, M., Hamidi, A., 2012. Investigating the effect of Azospirillum lipophorum on sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) seedling properties that was achieved from sunflower fields under low irrigation conditions. Journal of Agroecology. 3(3), 320-327. [In Persian with English Summary].
Hamidi, A., Chookan, R., Asghar-Zadeh, A., Dehghan-Shoar, M., Ghalavand, A., Malakouti, M., 2011. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on dry matter partitioning of late maturing maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 41(4), 665-675. [In Persian with English Summary].
Hanson, B., Schwankl, L., Fulton, A. 2004. Scheduling Irrigation: When and How Much Water to Apply. Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Hojati-pour, I., Jafari-haghighi, B., Dorostkar, M., 2014. The effect of integration of biological and chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components and growth indexes of wheat. Journal of Ecophysiology. 15, 36-48. [In Persian with English Summary].
Institute S., 2004. SAS/GRAPH 9.1 Reference. SAS Institute.
Kasim, W.A., Gaafar, R.M., Abou-Ali, R.M., Omar, M.N., Hewait, H.M., 2016. Effect of biofilm forming plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on salinity tolerance in barley. Annals of Agricultural Sciences. 61(2), 217-227.
Keshavarz-nezhad, A. Kazemini, S.A.R., Bahrani, M.J., 2012. Effect of different nitrogen rates and residues of corn, rapeseed, sunflower and wheat crops on yeild and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 10, 181-190. [In Persian with English Summary].
Khamadi, F., Mesgarbashi, M., Hosaibi, P., Enaiat, N., Farzaneh, M., 2015. The effect of crop residue and nitrogen fertilizer levels on soil biological properties and nitrogen indices and redistribution of dry matter in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Applied Field Crops Research. 28, 149-157. [In Persian with English Summary].
Kheiri-zadeh, Y., Seyed Sharifi, R., Khalilzadeh, R., 2018. Study of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide application on remobilization and leaf area index of triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) under soil salinity. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 11, 993-1004. [In Persian with English Summary].
Kirda, C., Derici, M.R., Schepers, J. S., 2001. Yield response and N-fertiliser recovery of rainfed wheat growing in the Mediterranean region. Field Crops Research. 71(2), 113-122.
Marulanda, A., Barea, J.M., Azcón, R., 2009. Stimulation of plant growth and drought tolerance by native microorganisms (AM fungi and bacteria) from dry environments: mechanisms related to bacterial effectiveness. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 28(2), 115-124.
Pazaki, A., 2017. Effects of humic acid and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) on yield and yield components of durum wheat under drought stress condition in Shahr-e-Rey region. Cereal Research. 6, 105- 117. [In Persian with English Summary].
Perveen, S., Khan, M.S., Zaidi, A., 2002. Effect of rhizospheric microorganisms on growth and yield of green gram (Phaseolus radiatus L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 72, 421-423.
Poehlman, J.M. 1985. Adaptation and distribution. In: Rasmussen, D.C. (ed.), Barley, American society of Agronomy, Madison.
Sadeghi, H., 2007. Effects of crop residue and nitrogen rate on morpho-physiological traits, yield and yield components of two dry land wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Iran. [In Persian with English Summary].
Sadeghi, H., Bahrani, M.J., 2009. Effects of crop residue and nitrogen rates on yield and yield components of two dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Plant Production Science. 12, 497-502.
Sadeghi, H., Kazemeini, S.A.R., 2015. Effect of crop residue management and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and yield components of two barley cultivars under dryland conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 13(3), 436-451. [In Persian with English Summary].
Sarig, S., Blum, A., Okon, Y., 1988. Improvement of the water status and yield of field-grown grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) by inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 110, 271-277.
Sharifi, R., Heidari, M.S., 2015. Effects of biofertilizers on growth indices and contribution of dry matter remobilization in wheat grain yield. Journal of Plant Researches. 28(2), 326- 343. [In Persian with English Summary]
Sohrabi, S. S., Fateh, E., Aynehband, A. Rahnama, A., 2014. Evaluation the effect of the residue management and different nitrogen sources on acumulation and remobilization of wheat stem reserve. Journal of Crop Production. 7(2), 113- 134. [In Persian with English Summary].
Somasegaran, P., Hoben, H.J., 2012. Handbook for rhizobia: Methods In Legume-Rhizobium Technology. Springer Science and Business Media, University of Hawaii, New York, USA.
Tale, A., Haddad, R., 2011. Study of silicon effects on antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic adjustment of wheat under drought stress. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 47, 17-27.
Tambussi, E.A., Bort, J., Araus, J.L., 2007. Water use efficiency in C3 cereals under Mediterranean conditions: a review of physiological aspects. Annals of Applied Biology. 150(3), 307-321.
Torbert, H.A., Potter, K.N., Hoffman, D.W., Gerik, T.J., Richardson, C., 2000. Surface residue and soil moisture affect fertilizer loss in simulated runoff on a heavy clay soil. Agronomy Journal. 91, 606-612.
Van Herwaarden, A., Farquhar, G., Angus, J., Richards, R., Howe, G., 1998. 'Haying-off', the negative grain yield response of dryland wheat to nitrogen fertilizer. I. Biomass, grain yield, and water use. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 49, 1067-1082.
Wani, P. A., Khan, M. S., Zaidi, A., 2007. Synergistic effects of the inoculation with nitrogen‐fixing and phosphate‐solubilizing rhizobacteria on the performance of field‐grown chickpea. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 170(2), 283-287.
Yasari, E., Patwardhan A.M., 2007. Effect of Aztobacter and Azospirillum inoculations and chemical fertilizers on growth and productivity of canola (Brassica napus L.). Asian Journal Plant Sciences. 6(1), 77-82.
Zadoks, J.C., Chang, T.T., Konzak, C.F., 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research. 14, 415-421.