نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه زراعت، پردیس علوم و تحقیقات خوزستان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
2 گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
چکیده
تنش‌های محیطی از قبیل تنش خشکی یکی از موانع اساسی در تولید محصولات زراعی در بسیاری از نقاط جهان خصوصاً مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک نظیر ایران محسوب می‌شوند. لذا به منظور ارزیابی اثر محلول‌پاشی اسیدهیومیک در شرایط تنش خشکی بر عملکرد دانه و جذب عناصر دانه ذرت در تراکم‌های مختلف بوته، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های دو بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار طی سال های زراعی 95-1394 و 96-1395 در مزرعه-ای واقع در شهرستان دهلران اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی شامل تنش خشکی با سه سطح (آبیاری مطلوب، قطع آبیاری در مرحله 6 تا 8 برگی و قطع آبیاری در مرحله گل‌تاجی) بود. فاکتور فرعی شامل محلول‌پاشی اسیدهیومیک با سه سطح (عدم مصرف اسیدهیومیک)، 2 و 4 لیتر در هکتار اسیدهیومیک) و فاکتور فرعی فرعی شامل سه تراکم بوته (60، 75 و 90 هزار بوته در هکتار) بود. نتایج نشان داد تأثیر تنش خشکی و اسید هیومیک بر عملکرد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در بلال، غلظت روی، غلظت آهن و میزان پروتئین دانه معنی‌دار بود. در شرایط تنش خشکی عملکرد دانه و جذب عناصرغذایی نظیر آهن، روی و فسفر کاهش یافت اما میزان پروتئین دانه افزایش یافت. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (9580 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به تیمار آبیاری در حد مطلوب بود. محلول‌پاشی اسیدهیومیک موجب افزایش عملکرد دانه، غلظت روی و آهن دانه شد. با افزایش کمبود آب در خاک تأثیر مثبت کاربرد اسیدهیومیک بر افزایش عملکرد دانه به طور قابل ملاحظه‌ای کاهش یافت. عکس‌العمل عملکرد دانه و درصد پروتئین نسبت به افزایش تراکم بوته مثبت بود. به‌طور کلی نتایج آزمایش نشان‌دهنده این مطلب است که کاربرد 4 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک در تراکم 75 هزار بوته در شرایط رطوبتی مناسب می‌تواند موجب افزایش جذب عناصر، عملکرد دانه و اجزای عملکرد ذرت و و در کل بهبود تولید ذرت شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Abuzar, M.R., Sadozai, G.U., Baloch, M.S., Baloch, A.A., Shah, I.H., Hussain, N., 2011. Effect of plant population densities on yield of maize. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 21, 692-695.
Afarinesh, A., Fathi, Gh., Chogan, R., Siadat, A., Alami Said, Kh., Ashrafizadeh, S., 2015. Evaluation of drought stress and soil density on some agronomic characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.). Journal of Plant Production. 38, 13-24.
Ahmadpour, A.R., Farhadi Bansouleh, B., Ghobadi, M., 2017. Effects of deficit irrigation on growth trend, quantity and quality characteristics of maize in Kermanshah. Journal Water and Soil Resources Conservation. 6, 99-112. [In Persian with English summary].
Alavifazel, M., Naderi, A., Emam, Y., Ayeneh Band, A., Lak, SH., 2010. Analysis of traits path effective on grain yield of maize hybrid single cross704 in irrigation-off conditions at growth stages, pattern and plant density. Crop Physiology. 3, 3-19. [In Persian with English summary].
Andrade, F.H., Uhart, S.A., and Frugone, M.I., 1993. Intercepted radiation at flowering and kernel number in maize: shade versus plant density effects. Crop Science. 33, 482-485.
Anwar, Sh., Iqbal, F., Khattak, W.A., Islam, M., Iqbal, B., and Khan, Sh., 2016. Response of Wheat Crop to Humic Acid and Nitrogen Levels. EC Agriculture. 3, 558-565.
Arumend, T., Abbasi, M.K., and Rafiqe, E., 2015. Effect of lignite-derived humic acid on some selected soil propertis, growth and nuntrient uptake of wheat grown under greenhouse conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 47, 2231-2238.
Arvidsson, J., 1997. Nutrient uptake in compacted soil in field and laboratory experiments. PhD Thesis. Soil Compaction in Agriculture-From Soil stress to Plant stress. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Paper 7
Ayman, M., Kamar, M., Khalid, M., 2009. Amino and humic acids promote growth, yield and disease resistance of faba bean cultivated in clay soil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 3, 731-739.
Azeri Nasrabadi, A., Attardi, B., 2007. Final report on the effects of different irrigation water on the yield of two forage sorghum cultivars. Institute of Soil and Water Research. 15p. [In Persian].
Cavani, L., Ciavatta, C., Gessa, C., 2003. Identification of organic matter from peat, leonardite and lignite fertilizers using humification parameters and electrofocusing. Bioresour Technology. 86, 45-52.
Chakir, R., 2004. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research. 89, 1-16.
Chaudhary, H.K., Kaila, V., Rather, S.A., 2014. Maize. In: Pratap, A., Kumar, J., (eds.), Alien Gene Transfer in Crop Plants: Achievements and Impacts, Springer, New York, USA.
Daniel, C., Triboi, E., 2008. Changes in wheat protein aggregation during grain development: effects of temperature and water stress. European Journal of Agronomy. 16, 1-12.
Delfine, S., Tognetti, R., Desiderio, E., Alvino, A., 2005. Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 25, 183-191.
El-Bassiony, A.M., Fawzy, Z.F., Abd El-Baky, M. M.H., Mahmoud Asmaa. R., 2010. Response of snap bean plants to mineral fertilizers and humic acid application. Research Agricultural and Biological Science, INSInet Publication. 6, 169-175.
Emami, A., 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Journal of Research Organ Education and Agricultural Extension. 982, 11-28.
FAO., 2014. Statistical Database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome.
Ghorbani, S.H., Khazaee, R., Kaafi, M., Banayan, A., 2010. Effect of humic acid application in irrigation water on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Ecology. 2, 123-131. [In Persian with English summary].
Graham, D.R., Webb, M.J., 1991. Micronutrients and disease resistance and tolerance in plants. In: Mortvedt, J.J., Cox, F.R., Shuman, L.M., and Welch R.M. (Eds.), Micronutrients in Agriculture, 2nd ed. Soil Science Society of America Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 329–370.
Greaves, G.E., Wang, Y., 2017. Yield response, water productivity, and seasonal water production functions for maize under deficit irrigation water management in southern Taiwan. Plant Production Science. 20, 353-365.
Haghighi, M., Kafi, M., 2010. Effect of humic acid on cadmium, nitrate and nitrate reductase enzyme activity in lLettuce. Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 24, 53-58.
Haroz, M., Samsampour, D., 2016. The effect of humic acid on the concentration of some nutrients in the leaves and petals of marigold in drought conditions. The first National Conference on Advances in Biological and Agricultural Sciences, May 21, 2015. Zabol University. [In Persian].
Jones, J., Wolf, B., Mills, H. A., 1991. Plant Analysis Handbook, Micro-macro. Publishing, Inc, Athens, GA.
Karakurt, Y., Unlu, H., Padem, H., 2009. The influence of foliar and soli fertiizationn of humic acid on yeild and quality of pepper. Plant Soli Science. 59, 233-237.
Keyhani, A., 2017. Effects of plant density and sowing season spring and summer on quantitative characteristics and yield of corn. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 47, 575-583. [In Persian with English summary].
Khademi, H., Sadat Asilan, K., 2017. Theeffect of application of humic acid and plant density on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). Sixth Global Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran, center solutions to achieve sustainable development. Educational institute of Mehr Arvand. 7 pages.
Khodarahmpour, Z., 2011. Effect of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) on on yield and yield Components in corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10, 18222-18227.
Khoram Ghahfarokhi, A., Rahimi, A., Torabi, B., Maddah Hosseini, Sh., 2015. Effect of humic acid application and foliar spraying of compost tea and vermiwash on nutrient absorption and chlorophyll content of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Oil Plants Production. 2, 71-84. [In Persian with English summary].
Nakhzari Moghadam, A., Parsa, N., Sabori, H., Bakhtiari, S., 2017. The effect of humic acid, density and supplemental irrigation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) local Nishapur. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 10, 183-192. [In Persian with English summary].
Namazi, L., Nadiyan, H., 2017. Effect of drought stress on nutrient uptake by corn mycorrhizal and Ghyrmykvryzayy different concentrations of phosphorus in the soil, the International Conference on Engineering and Information Technology, Amarat- Dubai, Culture and Technology Research Institute of Culture and Art.
Nik Khah Kheibari, M., Khavari Khorasani, S., Taheri, G.H., 2014. Effects of plant density and variety on some of morphological traits, yield and yield components of baby corn (Zea mays L.). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3, 200-214.
Osborne, S.L., Scheppers, J.S., Francis, D.D., Schlemmer, M.R., 2002. Use of spectral radiance to in-season biomass and grain yield in nitrogen and water-stressed corn. Crop Science. 42, 165-171.
Pirzad, A., Shakiba, M.R., Zehtab- Salmasi, S., Mohammadi, S.A., 2011. Effects of rrigation Regime and Plant Density on Essential Oil Composition of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Journal of Herbs Spices and Medicinal Plants. 2, 107-118.
Rafiee, M., Nadian, H., Normohammadi, Gh., Karimi, M., 2004 Effects of drought stress and zinc and phosphorus on total concentration and concentration of elements in corn. Journal of Agricultural Science of Iran. 35, 235-243. [In Persian with English summary].
Sadeghi Charvari, M.F., Mortazavi, S.N., 2013. Effect of cultivar, plant density and spraying of nutrients on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of flowers, onions and after harvesting of lilium cut flowers. Journal of Horticultural Science. 26, 262-255. [In Persian with English summary].
Sadeghi, M., 2014. The determination of plant density on dry matter accumulation, grain yield and yield components of four maize hybrids, International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5, 109-114.
Saleh, A.L., Abd El-Kader, A.A., Hegab, S.A.M., 2003. Response of onion to organic fertilizer under irrigation with saline water. Egypt Journal of Appllied Science. 18, 707-716.
Sarlangue, T., Andrade, F. H., Calvino, P. A., 2009. Why do maize hybrids respond differently to variation in plant density? Agronomy Journal. 99, 984-991.
Sayadi Maazou, A.D, Tu, J., Qiu, J., Liu, Z., 2016. Breeding for drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). American Journal of Plant Sciences. 7, 1858-1870.
Shahraeni, A., Shabanpour, M., Saadat, S., 2011. Effect of salinity and soil concentration on wheat nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption. Journal of Soil Research. 25, 279-285.
Timori, N., Heidari, Gh. R., Hossein Panahi, F., Sohrabi, Y., 2015. Effect of iron and humic acid solution on grain yield and grain quality of different Sardari wheat ecotypes. PhD Thesis. The University of Kordestan. Sanandaj, Iran. [In Persian].
Von Braun, J., Byerlee, D., Chartres, C., Lumpkin, T., Olembo, N., Waage, J.J., 2010. A Draft Strategy and Results Framework for the CGIAR. World Bank, CGIAR, Washington DC, USA.
Zhou, L., Monreal, C., Xu, Sh., McLaughlin, N., Zhang, H., Hao, G., Liu, J., 2019. Effect of bentonite-humic acid application on the improvement of soil structure and maize yield in a sandy soil of a semi-arid region. Geoderma Science Direct. 338, 269-280.
)