نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان اصفهان

2 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان

3 مرکز بین‌المللی اصلاح ذرت و گندم (CIMMYT)، کرج، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی دوره‌های کوتاه‌مدت تنش گرما بر عملکرد دانه و خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک گیاه گندم، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 94-1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان به‌صورت بلوک‌های نواری در سه تکرار اجرا گردید. عامل‌های آزمایشی شامل چهار رقم گندم بهاره بودند. تنش گرما (حداکثر 35 درجه سانتی‌گراد) با نصب اتاقک‌های تولید تنش حرارتی روی کرت‌ها اعمال گردید. بوته‌های گندم به مدت سه روز متوالی در مرحله ظهور سنبله (H1) ،- و یا در ابتدای تشکیل دانه (H2) ،- در معرض تنش گرما قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که بین سطوح تنش و ارقام در صفات مورد بررسی اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود داشت. تنش گرمای کوتاه‌‌مدت عملکرد دانه ارقام چمران، مارون، اروند و اترک را به‌طور میانگین به‌ترتیب 19.6، 18.6، 17.8 و 11.2 درصد نسبت به شاهد (بدون تنش) کاهش داد. تنش گرما فلئورسانس کلروفیل، محتوای آب نسبی برگ و پایداری غشای سلولی را به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد ولی هدایت روزنه‌ای، سرعت افت کلروفیل و غلظت پرولین افزایش یافت. همبستگی منفی و معنی‌داری بین افت عملکرد دانه با غلظت کلروفیل کل (r =-0.67 در تنش H1 وr =-0.77 در تنش H2 ) به‌دست آمد. فعالیت آنزیمی کاتالاز پراکسیداز و سوپراکسید‌دیسموتاز در واکنش به تنش H1 یا H2 به‌طور معنی‌دار افزایش یافتند. نتایج تجزیه به عامل‌ها نشان داد، چهار عامل در مجموع 7/86 و سه عامل 86.4 درصد واریانس بین ارقام را به ترتیب در تنش H1 و تنش H2 توجیه کردند. ارقام اترک، چمران و اروند با تداوم فتوسنتز بیشتر، محتوای متابولیت بیشتر و ساز و کار دفاع آنزیمی بهتر نسبت به رقم مارون به تنش گرما را تحمل کردند. می‌توان گفت که ارقام با سرعت کمتر پیر شدن برگ بعد از مواجهه با گرما و حفاظت آنزیمی بیشتر می‌توانند در برابر گرما متحمل‌تر باشند.

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