نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ایلام

2 دکتری تخصصی، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ایلام

3 دکتری تخصصی علوم و مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ایلام

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی برهمکنش شوری، خشکی و نیتروژن بر روی برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت (هیبرید متوسط ­رس 604) آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های دو بار خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ایلام در بهار و تابستان 1396 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل چهار سطح شوری (صفر، 2، 4 و 6 دسی­ زیمنس بر متر) از منبع سنگ نمک سدیم به‌عنوان عامل اصلی، سه سطح آبیاری (100، 80 و 60 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی و سه سطح کود نیتروژن از منبع اوره (صفر، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی فرعی در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل شوری، آبیاری و نیتروژن بر صفات تعداد دانه در بلال، تعداد ردیف در بلال، تعداد دانه در ردیف، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد زیستی و شاخص برداشت معنی‌دار شد. این صفات در بالاترین سطوح تنش اعمال‌شده نسبت به شرایط بدون تنش و کاربرد 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن، به ترتیب برابر 59، 40.6، 40، 69، 65 و 46 درصد کاهش نشان دادند.بیشترین میزان نشت یونی (45 درصد) در بالاترین میزان شوری، حداقل آبیاری و بدون مصرف نیتروژن مشاهده شد. محتوای نسبی آب برگ، کلروفیل a، b، کل و کارتنوئید نیز تحت اثرات دوگانه شوری و خشکی، در بالاترین میزان تنش اعمال‌شده به نسبت شرایط بدون تنش، به ترتیب برابر 18، 46، 32، 40 و 44 درصد کاهش یافتند. نتایج نشان داد کاربرد 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن در سطوح مختلف تنش، موجب کاهش اثرات تنش‌ها شد و افزایش عملکرد را در پی داشت. همچنین مشاهده شد، تمامی صفات موردبررسی در بالاترین میزان تنش‌ها، پاسخ تقریباً یکسانی به تیمار کودی 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن داشتند؛ بنابراین به نظر می­رسد که به جهت افزایش مقاومت گیاه ذرت و رسیدن به حداکثر عملکرد در شرایط تنش، کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن نسبت به مقادیر بیشتر آن ازلحاظ زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی مناسب­تر باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Akhtari, A., Homaei, M., Hoseini, Y., 2014. Modeling plant response to salinity and soil nitrogen deficiency. Journal of Soil and Water Resources Conservation. 3(4), 33-50. [In Persian with English Summary].
Askari, M., Maghsodi, A.A., Safari, V.R., 2012. Evaluation of physiological characteristics and performance of maize hybrids under salinity stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 3(9), 93-103. [In Persian with English Summary].
Azizian, A., Sepaskhah, A.R., 2014. Maize response to different water, salinity and nitrogen levels: agronomic behavior. International Journal of Plant Production. 8(1), 107-130.
Bänziger, M., Edmeades, G.O., Beck, D., Bellon, M., 2000. Breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in maize: from theory to practice. Mexico, D.F. :CIMMYT.
Benami, A., Ofen, A., 1984. Irrigation Engineering- Sprinkler, Trickle and Surface Irrigation: Principles, Design and Agricultural Practices. Irrigation Engineering Scientific Publications. 257p.
Blanco, F.F., Folegatti, M.V., Gheyi, H.R., Fernandes, P.D., 2008. Growth and yield of corn irrigated with saline water. Scientia Agricola. 65(6), 574-580.
Cachorro, P., Olmos, E., Cerda, A., 1995. Salinity- induced changes in the structure and ultra-structure of bean root. Cell and Plant Biology. (37), 273-283.
Dehghanpour, Z., 2013. The technical instructions planting and harvesting corn and forage. Organization of Agricultural Research, Training and Promotion. 110p. [In Persian].
Ebrahimi, H., Hasanpour Darvishi, H., 2015. The relationship between corn yield and water consumption computational water demand and lack of soil moisture. 4(9), 605-613. [In Persian with English Summary].
Efeoglu, B., Ekmekci, Y., Cicek, N., 2009. Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery. South African Journal of Botany. (75), 34-42.
Ehsani, M., Khaledi, H., 2003. Understanding and promoting agricultural water productivity. Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Committee. 11, 657-673. [In Persian].
Emdad, M. R., Fardad, H., 2000. Effect of salt and water stress on corn yield production. Iranian Journal Agriculture Science. 31(3), 641-654. [In Persian with English Summary].
Enferad, A., Pustini, K., MajnonHossaini, N., Taleii, A., Khaje Ahmad Atari, A., 2003. The physiological responses of Canola (Brassica Canapus) cultivars to vegetative growth stage relative to salinity stress. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 7(4), 103-112. [In Persian].
FAO. 2016. FAO Statistics.
Ghobadi, R., Shirkhani, A., Jalilian, A., 2013. Effect of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, its components, water and nitrogen use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L.) c.v. SC. 704. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). (104), 79-87. [In Persian with English Summary].
Hasibi, P., Zandieh, L., Ghaem maghami, N., RashidiRezvan, N., Najafi, H and Ghaem maghami, F., 2009. Study of some physiological characteristics of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under salinity stress from sodium chloride and calcium chloride sources. Journal of crop physiology journal. 2(2), 3-24. [In Persian].
Heidari Sharif abad, H., 2001. Plant and Salinity. Research in Statute of Forests and Range. 199p. [In Persian].
Heidari Sharif abad, H., 2000. Plant, Drought and Droupht. Research in Statute of Forests and Range. 200p. [In Persian].
Lak, Sh., Naderi, A., Siadat, A., Ayneh band, A., noormohammadi, Gh., 2006. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and plant density in different moisture conditions on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of Maize SC704 in Khuzestan. Iranian Journal of CropSciences.
Levitt, J., 1980. Response of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Vol. 2. Water, Radiation, Salt and other Stresses. Academic Press, New York, U. S. A. 650p.
Lichtenthaler, H.K., Wellburn, A.R., 1983. Determinations of total carotenoida and cholorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different soivents. Biological Society Transactions. 11(5), 591-603.
Mandhania, A.S., Madan, S., Sawhney, V., 2006. Antioxidant defense mechanism under salt stress in wheat seedlings. BiologiaPlantarum. 50(2), 227-231.
Mansouri-Far, C., ModarresSanavy, S.A.M., Jalali Javaran, M., 2005. Effect of drought stress and nitrogen deficit on quality and quantity of soluble proteins in maize (Zea mays L.) leaf. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 36(3), 625-637. [In Persian].
Masoumi, A., Kafi, M., Nabati, J., Khazaie, H.R., Davari, K., ZareMehrjerdi, M., 2012. Effect of drought stress on water status and leaf electrolyte leakage photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence at different growth stages of two Kochia (Kochia scoparia) populations in saline conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 10(3), 476-484. [In Persian].
Mir MohammadiMibodi, S. A., GhareYazi, B., 2002. Physiological and Inter Breeding Aspect of Plant Salinity Stress. Isfahan University of Technology Publishing Center. 274p. [In Persian].
Modhej, A., Davoodi, M., Behdarvandi, B., 2017. Maize (Zea mays L.) response to nitrogen fertilizer under drought stress at vegetative and reproductive stages. Journal of Crop Nutrition Science. 3(1), 48-58.
Mohamadi, H., Solymani, A., Shams, M., 2012. Evaluation of drought stress effects on yield components and seed yield of three maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) in Isfahanregion. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4(19), 1436-1439.
Mohammad Khani, N., Heidari, R., 2007. Effect of drought stress on protective enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in two maize cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 10(21), 3835-3840.
Mojdam, M., Modhej, A., 2012. Effect of different nitrogen levels on water use efficiency, yield and yield components of Maize grain in optimal conditions and drought stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 10(3), 546-554. [In Persian].
Moser, S.B., Feil, B., Jampatong, S., Stamp, P., 2006. Effect of pre-anthesis drought, nitrogen fertilizer rate, and variety on grain yield, yield components, and harvest index of tropical maize. Agricultural Water Management. 81(1-2), 41-58.
Poustini, K., Siosemardeh, A., 2004. Ion distribution in wheat cultivars in response to salinity stress. Field Crops Research. 85, 125-133.
Qinghua, S., Zhiyi, Z., Quansheng, Y., Qiong, Q., 2006. Effect of different treatments of salicylic asid on heat tolerance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant enzyme activity in seedling of Cucumis Sativa L. Plant Growth Regulators. 48, 127-135.
Rafiee, M., Nadian, H.A., Nour-Mohammadi,G ., Karimi, M., 2004. Effects of drought stress, phosphorous and zinc application on concentration and total nutrient uptake by corn (Zea mays L). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 35(1), 235-243. [In Persian with English Summary].
Ravikovitch, S., Porath, A., 1967. The effect of nutrients on the salt tolerance of crops. Plant Soil. (26), 49-71.
Rezaiee, K.A., Eivazi, A.R., 2013. Performance and some physiological traits of Iranian corn (Zea mays L.) varieties as impelled by drought stress. Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola. 13(1), 17-24.
Saadat, S., Dehghani, F.,  Rezaei, H., 2014. Effect of saline water and management of nitrogen use in different growth stages on wheat yield. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 28(2), 264-272. [In Persian].
Saed Abadi, Y., 2010. Study of interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and salt stress on yield and yield components of spring barley. MSc dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran. [In Persian with English Summary].
Sanchez, S.R., 1998. Turgor maintenance, osmotic adjustment and soluble sugar and proline accumulation in 49 pea cultivars in response to water stress. Field Crops Research. 59, 225-235.
Saraie Tabrizi, M., 2015. Modeling water absorption by plant in conditions of water, salinity and nitrogen stresses. Ph.D thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian with English Summary].
Sepehri, A., Abasi, R., Karami, A., 2013. Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on yield and yield components of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Journal of Crop Improvement. 17(2), 503-516. [In Persian].
Shafe, L., Safari, M., Emam, Y., Mohammadinejad, Gh., 2011. Effect of nitrogen and Zinc fertilizer application on chlorophyll content and leaf area yield and composition of grain elements of two corn hybrids. Journal of Planting and Seed. 20-27(2), 235-246. [In Persian].
Shahriari, A., Puteh, A.B., Abdul-Rahim, A.B., Saleh, G.B., 2014. Physiological responses of sweet corn under water deficit and nitrogen rates at different growth stages. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 6(9), 1-7. [In Persian with English Summary].
Shams Aldin Saeid, M., Farahbakhsh, H., 2008. Effect of salinity and some agronomic and physiological traits of two corn hybrids in Kerman region. Plant Production (Agricultural Scientific Journal). 32(1), 13-24. [In Persian].
Shamsi, K., 2010. The effects of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrates and chlorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 8(3), 1051-1060.
Soltani Mohammadi, A., Kashkoli, H.A., Naderi, A., Boromandnasab, S., 2011. The effect of water stress and salinity on yield and yield components of corn in different growth stages in Ahvaz climatic conditions. Iranian Water Research Journal. 5(9), 161-170. [In Persian].
Tabatabaei, S.A., Bari Abarghoi, H., Bazrafshan, J., Naghib Al Ghora, S. M., 2012. Performance review and yield components of maize S.C.704 in different farming system. National Conference on New Concepts in Agriculture. [In Persian].
Taghizadeh, R., Saed Sharifi, R., 2011. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on fertilizer efficiency and yield components of maize cultivars. Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Water and Soil Science. 15(57), 209-217. [In Persian].
Thomas, H.W., Nila, L.B., Thomas, G.R., Debora, L.R., 1992. An improved method forusing electrolyte leakage to assess membrance competence in plant tissues. Plant Physiol. 198-205.
Zeidan, M. S., Amany, A., El-Kramany, M.F., 2006. Effect of N- fertilizer and plant density on yield and quality of maize in sandy soil. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 2(4), 156-161.