نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه کردستان
2 استادیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 استادیار گروه زراعت دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سنندج
4 استاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز
چکیده
به منظور بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف آبیاری و همچنین چند گونه از قارچ های آربوسکولار مایکوریزا بر رشد، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه نخود (.Cicer arietinum L)، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا گردید. فاکتور های آزمایشی شامل سه سطح آبیاری مطلوب، تنش متوسط و شدید خشکی، و استفاده از سه گونه قارچ مایکوریزا شامل (Glomus etunicatum، G. versiforme، G. intraradices) و عدم تلقیح (شاهد) بودند. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که تیمارهای آزمایشی، اثر معنی‌داری بر صفات مورد ارزیابی داشتند، به طوری که با کاهش میزان آب قابل دسترس گیاه، ارتفاع اولین شاخه گل دهنده، تعداد شاخه گل دهنده، وزن خشک ریشه، وزن خشک کل، وزن غلاف، تعداد غلاف در بوته، وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه کاهش یافت. همچنین کاربرد گونه‌های قارچ مایکوریزا تأثیر معنی‌داری بر صفات مورد ارزیابی داشت. به‌طوری که هم در شرایط تنش خشکی و هم در شرایط بدون تنش، گیاهان تلقیح یافته با قارچ مایکوریزا از رشد و عملکرد بهتری در مقایسه با گیاهان تلقیح نشده برخوردار بودند. بنابراین می‌توان نتیجه گیری کرد که تلقیح نخود با قارچ مایکوریزا چه در شرایط تنش خشکی و چه در شرایط عدم تنش می‌تواند از طریق افزایش جذب آب و عناصر غذایی، سبب بهبود رشد، نمو و عملکرد گیاه نخود گردد و به عنوان راهکاری در جهت افزایش عملکرد، مد نظر قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Alloush, G.A.Z., Zeto, S.K. Clark, R.B., 2000. Phosphorus source, organic matter, and arbuscular mycorrhizae effects on growth and mineral acquisition of chickpea grown in acidic soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 23, 1351-1369.
Amerian, M. R., Stewart, W. S., Griffiths, H., 2001. Effect of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, assimilation and leaf water relations in maize (Zea mays). Annals of Applied Biology. 63, 71-76.
Amiri Dah Ahmadi, S. R., Parsa, M., Ganjali, A., 2010. Effect of drought stress in different stages of morphological characteristics and yield components of pea in greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 8(1), 166-157 [In Persian with English Summary].
Amiri Dah Ahmadi, S. R., Parsa, M., Ganjali, A., 2010. The Effects of drought stress at different phenological stages on morphological traits and yield components of a chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12, 84-69 [In Persian with English Summary].
Ardekani, M., R., Mazaheri, D., Majed, F., Muhammadi, G.H., 2000. Efficacy of mycorrhiza and phosphorus Asrptvmays at different levels and the impact of their application on yield and qualities of wheat. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 22, 28-17 [In Persian with English Summary].
Arriagada, C.A., Herrera, M.A., Ocampo, J.A. 2007. Beneficial effect of saprobe and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth of Eucalyptus globulus co-cultured with Glycine max in soil contaminated with heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management. 84(5), 93-99.
Asadi, B., Derry, H.R., Qhadiri, A., 2011. Evaluation of chitti bean genotypes to drought stress using stress tolerance indices. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 27-1(4), 30-61 [In Persian with English Summary].
Augé, R.M. 2001. Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza. 11, 3–42.
Bagheri, A., Nezami, A., Soltani M., 2000. Psychrophiles crops modification for tolerance to stress. The Research, Education, Promotion of Agriculture, pp 181-150 [In Persian].
Barea, J.M., Azcon-Aguilar, C., 1982. Production of plant growth-regulating substances by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 43(4), 810-813.
Behboudian, M. H., Ma, Q., Turner, N. C., Palta, J. A., 2001. Reactions of chickpea to water stress: yield and seed composition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 81, 1288–1291.
Darzi, M. T., Ghalavand, A., Rejali, F., Sefidkan, F., 2006. Effects of biofertilizers application on yield and yield components in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 22(4), 292-276 [In Persian with English Summary].
Druege, U., Baltruschat, H., Franken, P., 2007. Piriformospora indica promotes adventitious root formation in cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae. 112, 422-426.
El-Ghandour, I.A., Galal, Y.G., 2002. Nitrogen fixation and seed yield of chickpea cultivars as affected by microbial inoculation, crop residue and inorganic N fertilizer. Egyptian Journal of Microbiology. 37, 233-246.
Fallah, S., Ehsanzadeh, P., Daneshvar, M., 2005. Grain yield and yield components in three chickpea genotypes under dryland conditions with and without supplementary irrigation at different plant densities in Khorram-Abad, Lorestan. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 36(3), 719-731 [In Persian with English Summary].
FAO. 2004. FAO Production Year Book (58), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Fayyaz, F., Talbi, R., 2009. Determination of the relationship between yield and some yield components of chickpea using path analysis. Iranian Journal Crop Sciences. 7(1) 141-135 [In Persian with English Summary].
Ghorbanli, M., Nojavan, M., Haidari, R., Frbvdnya, T., 2001. Changes of soluble sugars, starch and proteins due to drought stress in two Iranian chickpea cultivars. Journal of Teacher Education, 1(1) 53-38 [In Persian with English Summary].
Gupta, M.L., Prasad A., Ram, M., Kumar, S., 2002. Effect of the vesiculr ararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasiculatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bioresource Technology. 81(4), 77-79.
Jalota, S.K., Sood, A., Harman, W.L., 2006. Assessing the response of chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L.) yield to irrigation water on two soils in Punjab (India): A simulation analysis using the CROPMAN model. Agricultural Water Management. 79,312–320.
James, B., Rodel, D., Lorettu, U., Reynaldo, E., Tariq, H., 2008. Effect of vesicular arboscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi inoculation on coppicing ability and drought resistance of Senna Spectabilis. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40(5), 2217-2224.
Jamshidi Moghadam, M., Pakniat, H., Farshadfar, A., 2007. Evaluation of drought tolerance of chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L.) lines using agro-physiological characteristics. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 23(3), 342-325 [In Persian with English Summary].
Joshee, N., Mentreddy, S.R., Yadav, K., 2007. Mycorrhizal fungi and growth and development of micropropagated Scutellaria integrifolia plants. Industrial Crops and Products. 25, 169–177.
Kapoor, R., Giri, B., Mukerji, K.G., 2002. Glomus macrocarpum a potential bioinoculant to improve essential oil quality and concentration in Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and carum (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18(5), 459-463.
Kapoor, R., Giri, B., Mukerji, K.G., 2004. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 93, 307-311.
Ladjal, M., Huc, R., Ducrey, M., 2005. Drought effects on hydraulic conductivity and xylem vulnerability to embolism in diverse species and provenances of Mediterranean cedars. Tree Physiology. 25, 1109 –1117.
Liu, F., Jensen, C.R., Andersen. M.N., 2004. Drought stress effect on carbohydrate concentration in soybean leaves and pods during early reproductive development: its implication in altering pod set. Field Crops Research. 86, 1–13.
Mahfouz, S.A., Sharaf-Eldin, M.A., 2007. Effect of mineral vs. biofertilizerbio fertilizer on growth, yield and essential oil content of fennel (Foeniculum vulhare Mill. International Agrophysics. 21, 361-366.
Moshtaghi Niaki, M., 2008. The effect of water deficit stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of three onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars. M. Sc. Thesis in Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University.62p. [In Persian].
Naderi, M., Nurmohammadi, G.H., Majed, A., Dervish, F., Shirani Rad A.H., Madani, H., 2004. Study of licorice summer safflower cultivation under different intensity of drought in the region. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 20(3), 296-281 [In Persian with English Summary].
Omidi, H., Naghdibadi, H.A., Golzad, A., Torabi, H., Fotoukian, M.H., 2009. The effect of chemical and bio-fertilizer source of nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants. 8, 98–109.
Ortas. I., 1996. The influence of use of different rates of mycorrhizal inoculum on root infection, plant growth, and phosphorus uptake. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 27, 2935-2946.
Philips, J.M., Hayman, D.S., 1970. Improved procedures for cleaning roots and staining parasitic and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 55, 158-161.
Sainz, M.J., Taboada-Castro, M.T., Vilarino, A., 1998. Growth, mineral nutrition and mycorrhizal colonization of red clover and cucumber plants grown in a soil amended with composted urban wastes. Plant and Soil. 205, 85-92.
Schussler, J.R., Westgate, M.E., 1995. Assimilate flux determines set at low water potential in maize. Crop Science. 53, 1074-1080.
Smith, S.E., Read, D.J., 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 3rd ed., Academic Press, London.
Shirani, A., Alizadeh, A., Hashemi Dezfoli, A. 2000. The study of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphorus and drought stress effects on nutrient uptake in wheat. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 16, 349-327 [In Persian with English Summary].
Sohrabi, Y., Heidari, G., Weisany, W., Ghasemi Golezani, K., Mohammadi, K., 2012a. Some physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer aritinum L.) cultivars to arbuscular mycorrhiza under drought stress. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 59(6), 708–716.
Sohrabi, Y., Heidari, G., Weisany, W., Ghasemi Golezani, K., Mohammadi, K., 2012b. Changes of antioxidative enzymes, lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll content in chickpea types colonized by different Glomus species under drought stress. Symbiosis. 56, 5–18.
Solaiman, A.R.M., Rabbani, M.G., Moll, M.N. 2005. Effects of inoculation of rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhiza, poultry litter, nitrogen, and phosphorus on growth and yield in chickpea. Korean Journal of Crop Science. 50, 256-261.
Sphere, A., Modares Sanavi, S.A.M., Gharhyazi, B., Amini, Y., 2002. Effect of water deficit and different nitrogen rates on growth and development stages, yield and yield component of maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 4(3), 195-184 [In Persian with English Summary].
Svobodova, I., Misha, P., 2004. Effect of drought stress on the formation of yield elements in spring barley and the potential of stress expression reduction by foliar application of fertilizers and growth stimulator. Plant, Soil and Environment. 10, 439-446.
Sylvia, D.M., Williams, S.E., 1992. Vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizae and environmental stress, 101-124. In: Bethlenfalvay, G.J., Linderman, R.G., (Eds.), Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture. Amer Society of Agronomy, Medison Wisconsin, 124p.
Tisdall, J.M., 1991. Fungal hyphae and structural stability of soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 29(6), 729-743.
Weisany, W., Raei, Y., Ghasemi Golezani, K., 2016. Funneliformis mosseae alters seed essential oil content and composition of dill in intercropping with common bean. Industrial Crops and Products.79, 29–38.
Weisany, W., Raei, Y., Pertot, I., 2015. Changes in the essential oil yield and composition of dill Anethum graveolens L. as response to arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization and cropping system. Industrial Crops and Products. 77, 295–306.
Weisany, W., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Yaghoub, R., Sohrabi, Y., Ghassemi-Golezan K., 2016. Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve competitive ability of dill + common bean intercrops against weeds? European Journal of Agronomy. 75, 60–71.
Yazdchi, S., 2008. Evaluation of yield and some characteristics of ten spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties under limited and non-limited irrigation. Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 3(12), 1456-1459.
Yunusi, A., Sharif-Zadeh, F., Ahmadi, A., 2010. The effect of irrigation regimes on grain yield, yield components and some grain sorghum Kimia germination. Iranian Journal Crop Sciences, 41, 195-187 [In Persian with English Summary].
)