اثر سطوح مختلف آبیاری بر صفات بیوشیمیایی، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت (.Zea mays L) در سیستم‌های خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی و متداول

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام

2 استادیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام

3 استادیار گروه آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام ، ایلام

4 دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی ایلام، ایلام

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف آبیاری بر عملکرد و خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی گیاه ذرت تحت شرایط خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی و متداول آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1402 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ایلام انجام شد. کرت‌های اصلی شامل: سه سطح خاک‌ورزی (بی‌خاک‌ورزی، کم‌خاک‌ورزی و خاک‌ورزی متداول) و کرت‌های فرعی شامل: پنج رژیم آبیاری 100، 75 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک به‌صورت کامل و 75 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک به‌صورت PRD متغیر بود. روش آبیاری مورد استفاده از نوع سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای– نوار تیپ استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد دانه و عملکرد بیولوژیک در سطح آبیاری 100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک تحت شرایط خاک‌ورزی متداول (به‌ترتیب 11479 و 24623 کیلو‌گرم در هکتار) به‌دست آمد؛ همچنین بیشترین تعداد ردیف در بلال (15.62)، بالاترین شاخص برداشت (44.62 درصد) و بیشترین میزان کلروفیلa ، کلروفیل b و کلروفیل کل (به‌ترتیب 13.1، 9.25 و 22.36 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر برگ) در سطح آبیاری 100 درصد به‌دست آمد. سطوح آبیاری 75 و 100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی تحت شرایط بدون خاک‌ورزی دارای بیشترین ارتفاع استقرار بلال (به‌ترتیب 105.8 و 105.67 سانتیمتر) بودند. بیشترین میزان کاروتنوئید در سطح آبیاری 50 درصد کم آبیاری (3.56 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر برگ) و در خاک‌ورزی متداول نیز (3.34 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر برگ) حاصل شد. نتایج کلی این پژوهش نشان داد علاوه بر آبیاری 100 درصد، آبیاری در سطح 75 درصد ظرفیت زراعی هم می‌تواند عملکرد بالا و قابل‌توجهی داشته باشد و هم در مصرف آب صرفه‌جویی شود؛ همچنین از میزان عملکرد دانه، کلروفیل، کاروتنوئید و فنول کل برای بررسی واکنش‌های ذرت به روش‌ خاک‌ورزی و تنش آبی بهره برد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Azizpour, S. , Shahnazari, A. , Ziatabar Ahmadi, M., Karandish, F., 2017. Evaluation of simultaneous effect of partial root zone drying and vermicompost on some physiological characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) SC704. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation. 24(5), 195-209. [In Persian with English summary]. https://doi.org/10.22069/jwsc.2017.12981.2761  
Barchet, G.L., Dauwe, R., Guy, R.D., Schroeder, W.R., Soolanayakanahally, R.Y., Campbell, M.M., Mansfield, S.D., 2014. Investigating the drought-stress response of hybrid poplar genotypes by metabolite profiling. Tree Physiology. 34(11), 1203–1219. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt080
Bazrgar, G., Nabavi Kalat, S. M., Khorasani, S. K., Ghasemi, M., Kelidari, A., 2023. Effect of deficit irrigation on physiological, biochemical, and yield characteristics in three baby corn cultivars (Zea Mays L.). Heliyon. 9, e15477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15477
Bettaieb, I., Hamrouni Sellami, I., Bourgou, S., Limam, F., Marzouk, B., 2011. Drought effects on polyphenol composition and antioxidant activities in aerial parts of  Salvia officinalis L. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 33, 1103–1111. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11738-010-0638-Z   
Di Domenico, F., Foppoli, C., Coccia, R., Perluigi, M., 2012. Antioxidants in cervical cancer: chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of polyphenols. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1822, 737-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.005
Ebrahimi, M., Behmanesh, J., Rezaverdinejad, V., Varshavian, V., Azad, N., 2022. Evaluation of different levels of subsurface irrigation on yield and morphological traits of seed corn. Water and Irrigation Management. 12, 603-614. [In Persian with English Summary]. https://doi.org/10.22059/j im.2022.340282.978
Food and Agriculture Organization, 2014. FAO, https://FAO.org/ag/ca/1a.html
Gheysari, M. S., Mirlatifi, M., Bannayan, M., Homaee, M., Hoogenboom, G., 2009. Interaction of water and nitrogen on Maize for silage. Agricultural Water Management. 96, 809-821.
Ghorbanli, M., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh., Zakeri, A., 2012. Investigation on the effects of water stress on antioxidant compounds of  Linum usitatissimum L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(4), 647-658. [In Persian with English Summary]. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2012.4514
Gianquinto, G., Sambo, P., Bona, S., 2003. The use of SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter for dynamically optimizing the nitrogen supply in potato crop: a methodological approach. Acta Horticulturae. 627, 225-230. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.607.30
Hiscox, J.D., Israelstam, G.F., 1979. A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany. 57(12), 1332-1334.
Hossein Niya, A.M., Nizami, A., Kafi, M., Khavari Khorasani, S., Rezaei, J., 2017. The effect of low irrigation on the yield and its components in corn hybrids (Zea Mays L.) Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 11(4), 835-846. [In Persian with English Summary]. https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2018.647.1136
Hu, Ch., Cao, Z.P., 2007. Size and activity of the soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity in long-term field experiments. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 3, 63-70.     
Jarecki, M. K., Lal, R., 2003. Crop management for soil carbon sequestration. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 22, 471–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/713608318                    
Jin, H., Qingjie, W., Hongwen, L., Lijin, L., Huanwen, G., 2009. Effect of alternative tillage and residue cover on yield and water use efficiency in annual double cropping system in North China Plain. Soil and Tillage Research. 104, 198-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.08.015         
Karandish, F., Mirlatifi, S. M., Shahnazari, A., Abbasi, F., Gheysari, M., 2013. Effect of partial root-zone drying and deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of maize. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research. 44(1), 33-44. [In Persian with English Summary]. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijs r.2013.36123
Lacho Icz, S., Oszmiański, J., iśnie Ski, R., 2018. Determination of triterpenoids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and antioxidant capacity in Allium ursinum L. at different times of harvesting and anatomical parts. European Food Research and Technology. 244, 1269-1280.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-018-3042-3
La lor, D., Cornic, G., 2012. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plants, Cell and Environment. 25, 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.00168025.2001.00814.x
Lawlor, D.W., 2002. Limitation to photosynthesis in water-stressed leaves: stomata vs. metabolism and the role of ATP. Annals of Botany. 89(7), 871–885. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf110
Marashi, S.K., Makvandi zadeh, Z., 2019. Effect of furrow irrigation patterns on yield and yield components of two corn varieties (Zea mays L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 11(39), 12-20. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.20085958.1398.11.39.2.8           
  Mir, Z., Ghanbari, A., Dahmardeh, M., Ramroudi, M., Asgharipour, M.R., 2023. Effect of tillage systems, plant residue management and potassium fertilizer application on yield and some physiological characteristics of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Journal of Agroecology. 14, 633-647. [In Persian with English Summary]. https://doi.org/10.22067/agry.2022.20185.0
Mousavi, S.G., Thagha Al-Islami, M.J., Ansarinia, A. Javadi, H., 2015. The effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and efficiency of water use in calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). Scientific-Research Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 28(3), 493-508. [In Persian with English Summary]. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2012.2967       
Naderi, N., Fazl Oula R., Ahmadi, M. Kh., Shahnazari A., Khavari Khorasani, S., 2015. Evaluating the effect of different methods of deficit irrigation on yield, yield components and irrigation water productivity of forage maize. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. 9(3), 522-530. [In Persian with English Summary].
Nakhjavani Moghadam, M.M., Najafi, E., Sadrqaen, S.H., Farhadi, E., 2011. Effect of different levels of irrigation and plant density on grain yield and yield components and water use efficiency in grain maize cv. ksc 302. Seed and Plant Production Journal. 27(1), 73-90. [In Persian with English Summary]. https://doi.org/10.22092/sppj.2017.110425
Nasrollehzadeh Asl, V., Shiri, M.R., Moharramnejad, S., Yousefi, M., Baghbani, F., 2017. Effect of drought tension on agronomy and biochemical traits of three maize hybrids (Zea mays L.).  Crop Plant Physiology. 8(32), 45-60. [In Persian with English Summary]. http://cpj.ahvaz.iau.ir/article-1-769-en.html
Rezaei, N., Alizadeh, Y., Alizadeh, H. A., Zeidali, E., 2024. Effects of deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) on yield, yield components and physiological characteristics of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.). Plant Production and Genetics. 5(1), 33-46. [In Persian with English Summary].  https://doi.org/10.22034/plant. 2023.62942
Saeedinia, M., Nasralhi, A., Haider, Sharifipour, M., 2018. Investigating the ability of crop water stress index for irrigation scheduling and estimating corn forage yield. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research (Agricultural Sciences of Iran), 50(3), 555-565. [In Persian with English Summary]. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2018.268113.668038  
Salehi, F., Bahrani, M.J., Kazemi, S.A., Pakniyat, H., Karimian, N. A., 2011. Effect of wheat residues and nitrogen fertilizer on some soil properties in common bean cultivation. farming. Water and Soil Science (Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 15(55), 209-218. [In Persian with English Summary]. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.24763594.1390.15.55.16.4  
Santos, C.V., Campos, A., Azevedo, H., Caldeira, G., 2001. In situ and in vitro senescence induced by KCl stress: nutritional imbalance, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant metabolism. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52, 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.355.351
Seleiman, M.F., Al-Suhaibani, N., Ali, N., Akmal, M., Alotaibi, M., Refay, Y., Battaglia, M.L., 2021. Drought stress impacts on plants and different approaches to alleviate its adverse effects. Plants. 10, 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020259
Simić, M., Dragičević, V., Mladenović Drinić, S., Vukadinović, J., Kresović, B., Tabaković, M., Brankov, M., 2020. The contribution of soil tillage and nitrogen rate to the quality of maize grain. agronomy. 10(7), 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070976
Sonawane, A.V., Shrivastava, P.K., 2022. Partial root zone drying method of irrigation: A review. Irrigation and Drainage. 71, 574–588. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2686
Strudley, M.W., Green, T.R., Ascough, J.C., 2008. Tillage effects on soil hydraulic properties in space and time. State of The Science. Soil Tillage Research. 99, 4-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.01.007     
Schmer, M.R., Jin, V.L., Wienhold, B.J., Varvel, G.E., Follett, R.F., 2014. Tillage and residue management effects on soil carbon and nitrogen under irrigated continuous corn. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 78, 1987-1996.‏ https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.04.0166                                                   
Singleton, V. L., Rossi, J. A., 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158.      https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144
Tamrat Alemu, S., 2020. Review: Partial root zone drying an approach to increase water use efficiency of horticultural crops and chlorophyll fluorescence. Cogent Biology. 6. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2020.1767016
Videnović, Ž., Simić, M., Srdić, J., Umanović, Z., 2011. Long term effects of different soil tillage systems on maize (Zea mays L.) yields. Plant, Soil and Environment. 57, 186–192.    https://doi.org/10.17221/443/2010-PSE   
Wang, W., Vinocur, B., Altman, A., 2003. Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta. 218, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5
Yaseen, R., Shafi, J., Ahmad, Shoaib Rana, M., Salim, M., Ahmad Qaisarani, S., 2014. Effect of deficit irrigation and mulch on soil physical properties, growth and yield of maize. Environment and Ecology Research. 2, 122-137. https://doi.org/10.13189/eer.2014.020302