Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Behzad Sadeghzadeh ¹
• Reza Mohammadi ²
• Hasan Ahmadi ³
• Gholam Reza Abediasl ⁴
• Malek Masood Ahmadi ⁵
• Mahnaz Mohammadfam ¹
• Nozar Bahrami ²
• Mohammad Sharif Khaledian ³
• Ali Akbar Naserian ⁵

¹ Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI); Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh, Iran.

² Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI); Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sararood Branch, Iran.

³ Kordestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sanandaj, Iran.

⁴ Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ardabil, Iran.

⁵ North Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), North Khorasan, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) is grown for human consumption, mainly as pasta products, e.g., spaghetti and macaroni, couscous, bulgur, frike, flat breads, etc. Worldwide, the area annually planted to durum wheat is estimated to be around 17-18 million hectares, i.e., 8 percent of total wheat area, with a production averaging about 30 million tons annually, which is 5.5 percent of total wheat production. Although durum is grown in various regions of the world, the great bulk of durum area and production is concentrated in the Mediterranean basin and North America. Eight countries (Algeria, Canada, Italy, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and USA) account for nearly two thirds (2/3) of world durum area and production. In Iran, the area under durum cultivation is about 400-500 thousands hectares with an annual production of 400-500 thousand tons, which covers about 60% of country demands. In spite of the importance of durum for Iranian rural economies, the country has not all succeeded in its research and development efforts to substantially improve durum productivity. The combinations of increasing demand for durum and durum products, as a result of demographic pressure, and relatively low durum productivity partly due to abiotic stresses (i.e. cold, terminal heat, moisture and nutrient deficiency stresses) made the country to an importer of durum. These are frequently exacerbated by biotic stresses, e.g., diseases and insects that may severely inhibit crop growth.

Materials and methods
The main purpose of this study was to achieve high yielding durum wheat genotypes with higher yield stability in different environmental condition, tolerance to environmental stresses such as cold damage, drought and end of season heat stress. Hence, 17 durum wheat lines were evaluated for grain yeild and morphlogical traits in Maragheh, Sararood, Qamloo, Ardabil and Shirvan agricultural research stations in 2011-14. In each location, the experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications.
Results and discussion
Based on combined ANOVA, there was significant difference among the environments, genotypes and G×E. GGE-biplot models showed that the 5 environments were belonged to 3 mega-environments, and different genetopes had higher yield in each mega-environments. Sumplimentary irrigation, at sowing time and flowering growth stages, could increase grain yield of lines 30 and 70 percent in Maragheh and Qamloo locations, respectively. The increase of grain yield was 42 percent for line Rascon under suplimentary irrigation. The AMMI and GGE results also confirmed genotype 5 was the most high-yielding durum line with reasonable yield stability in cold areas (Maragheh, Qamloo and Ardabil). Also, genotype 13 was the most high yielding and stable line in Sararood. Hence, these line can be candiatted to release new durum varieties for cold and moderat rainfed areas. Complementary irrigation could increase grain yield up to 30 and 70 percent in Maragheh and Sararood, respectively.
Conclusions
It can be concluded that finding of new stable high-yielding durum lines, with better performances than that the existed varieies, is a great progress in durum breeding programs in cold rainfed areas. Both GGE biplot and AMMI analyses could be used in grain yield stability and adaptability under rainfed conditions and sumplementary irrigations, however, the results of GGE biploet were more applicable and can be use extensively in the study of grain yield adaptability and stability under rainfed and sumplementary irrigations conditions in durum wheat breeding programs.

Keywords

• Genotype × Environment
• Rainfed durum wheat
• Regional yield trials
• Stability parameters