Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Hadi Tayfa Afshari ¹
• Bahram Mirshekari ²
• Abollah Hasanzadeh Ghorttapeh ³
• Farhad Farahvas ⁴
• Mehrdad Yarnia ²

¹ Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran

² Professor, Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran

³ Assistant Professor, Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran

⁴ Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Crop Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), is an oilseed of relevant economic and social importance. From its seeds is extracted an oil of excellent properties, having wide use as industrial input and several applications. It is cultivated since the times of the ancient civilizations, the castor bean is a rustic plant, resistant to drought, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae, Drought stress, in addition to the negative effect on yield, causes or exacerbates other stresses, especially the stress of nutrient deficiencies for the plant. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of irrigation levels and Superabsorbents and biofertilizers on the agronomic properties of castor oil.
Materials and methods
This experiment was conducted in West Azarbaijan Agricultural Research and Education Center, Orumieh- Iran in 2018-2021 crop season. A field experiment was carried out by a split-plot design based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor included Four levels (70, 100, 130, and 160 mm of evaporation pan), in the main plot and Sub-factor includes application of biofertilizer combination in four levels (Azospirillium, Citrobacter, combination of application of Azospirillium in Citrobacter and control without fertilizer) and superabsorbent in two levels (superabsorbent consumption and non-superabsorbent consumption) as factorial were placed in sub-plots. In this study, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Cartonoid, Soluble sugar, prolin content, Catalase, Malondialdehyde, and protein content were measured. Also Traits were analyzed by using SAS 9.2 software and means comparison was tested by least significant difference (LSD).
Results and discussion
Based on the results of the combined analysis of the variance of the data, there was a significant difference in was observed between the two years in terms of malondialdehyde content. There was a significant difference between the irrigation levels in terms of the effect on all traits of the probability level of 1%. The interaction effect of year and irrigation was significant only on leaf proline content at the level of 1% probability. There was a significant difference between the biofertilizer treatments and the interaction effect of biofertilizer on irrigation and superabsorbent levels in terms of the effect on all traits at the level of one percent probability. The interaction effect of irrigation with superabsorbent on chlorophyll a and b content and soluble sugar content at 1% probability level and on proline content and protein percentage at 5% probability level was significant. Between treatments of biofertilizer with superadd interaction in terms of the effect on chlorophyll b content, soluble sugar, proline content, malondialdehyde content, and protein percentage at the level of 1% percent and in terms of the effect on chlorophyll content, carotenoids and catalase activity in 5% probability level There was a significant difference. The results showed the highest chlorophyll a (23.00 mg g^-1) and b content (14.93 mg g^-1) as well as carotenoids (30.39 mg g^-1) and the lowest amount of soluble sugar (113.33 micromol g^-1 fresh weight), catalase (32.97∆A240 mg^-1 protein), malondialdehyde (132.44 nmol g^-1FW) and protein percentage (4.69%) were assigned to with Citrobacter treatment and irrigation after 70 mm of evaporation. Also, the highest soluble sugar content (131.42 micromol g^-1 FW), proline (65.91 micromol g^-1 FW), protein (11.48 %) was assigned to the treatment with Azosprilium + Citrobacter and irrigation after 160 mm of evaporation. In this study, the use of superabsorbent in the irrigation treatment of 70 mm evaporation had the highest chlorophyll a (21.29 mg g^-1) and b content (12.78 mg g^-1) and the lowest amount of soluble sugar (112.50 micromol g^-1 FW), proline (26.50 micromol g^-1 FW), catalase (35.99 ∆A mg^-1 protein) and protein percentage (5.00%), While the highest soluble sugars content (129.12 micromols g^-1 FW), proline (58.70 micromols g^-1 FW), malondialdehyde (159.71 nmol g^-1 FW), and protein (10.37 %), was observed in the treatment of superabsorbent application along with irrigation after 160 mm. In this study, the simultaneous application of superabsorbent and inoculation with azospirlium showed the highest chlorophyll a (22.25 mg g^-1), b content (13.79 mg g^-1), carotenoid (29.02 mg g^-1), protein (7.99%) and the lowest content of catalase enzyme (39.58 ∆A240 mg^-1 protein), The highest soluble sugar content (122.88 micromol g^-1 FW) and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde (141.82 nmol g^-1FW) were detected in the treatment of superabsorbent application with Citrobacter.
Conclusion
In this study, water deficit had an adverse effect on the physiological properties of castor oil. However, the use of biofertilizers and superplasticizers by improving biochemical and antioxidant properties was able to moderate the effect of drought stress on physiological properties and stabilize photosynthetic pigments, and the stability of photosynthetic pigments can improve photosynthetic properties and plant growth under water deficit conditions.

Keywords

• Azotobacter
• Irrigation
• Proline
• Seed inoculation

Main Subjects

• Breeding plants for stress conditions