Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Associate Professor, Horticulture Crops Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran
2 MSc, Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Introduction
In confectionary sunflower cultivation, drought stress at the stage of vegetative growth and plant density are two important variables that determine grain yield. In order to increase the 1000-seed weight and marketability of sunflower seeds, farmers usually consider plant density less than oily sunflower, and on the other hand, for more root growth and dormancy resistance due to large heads, in the vegetative growth stage of sunflower they bring drought stress to the sunflower farm. In some regions of Kermanshah province, confectionary sunflower (local cultivar Songhori) is cultivated with very low density (1-3 plants per square meter). On the other hand, farmers, based on their experiences, in the vegetative growth stage (2-6 leaves), cut off the field irrigation, and this watering interruption may take 30-45 days. The purpose of stopping irrigation in such conditions is to grow more roots and prevent lodgings of plants due to the weight of the head. In the present study, the effect of cutting irrigation at vegetative stage and plant density on yield and other agronomic characteristics of local confectionary sunflower was investigated to identify the most appropriate treatments.
Materials and Methods
The present study was conducted using split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the farmers' farm of Kermanshah province in 2016. Drought stress was as the main factor at three levels including severe stress, moderate stress and non-stress. The sub-factor was three levels of plant density with changes in plant space on 60 cm planting rows in the form of 20, 40 and 60 cm. Important agronomic traits including number of days to star, number of days to full flowering, stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, head diameter, percentage of hollow, number of seeds per head, 1000 seed weight and yield were measured according to Schneider and Miller (1981). In order to measure the grain yield of each plot, the middle row plants were harvested after removing the marginal plants (one row and one plant from the beginning and end of each plot) and the grain yield was measured after threshing. Based on the harvested area, it was converted to kilograms per hectare. In order to statistical analysis, SAS Ver 9.1 statistical software was used to analyze the variance and the means of treatments was compared by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Results and discussion
The results of variance analysis showed that drought stress significantly reduced plant height, days to maturity, seeds per head and stem diameter and increased days to flowering. Effect of Density was significant on all studied traits except plant height and number of leaves. While increasing density, stem diameter, head diameter, number and weight of seeds per head and 1000-seed weight was decreased and the hollow percentage of head, the number of days to flowering was increased. Mean comparison of data showed that grain yield under severe and non-stress condition was 2749 and 4543 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest and the lowest grain yield was belonged to plant spacing of 40 cm and 20 cm with 4599 and 3538 kg ha-1, respectively.
Given the water crisis in Iran, the real value of water consumption should be considered and water loss should be prevented by using different methods in crop production. According to the mean grain yield, it can be seen that the average yield of mild drought stress (two less irrigations) is slightly different from the average yield in non-stress irrigation. The two removed irrigations in the mild stress treatment coincide with the time of grain filling of crops such as wheat, barley and canola or the cultivation of some spring crops such as corn. Irrigation in these stages is important in the grain yield of these plants. So by eliminating two irrigations after the establishment of the sunflower, the saved water can be used to irrigate other crops. On the other hand, low and high density treatments both had lower grain yield than intermediate density treatment. Plant spacing of 40 cm with high 1000-seed weight had higher grain yield than plant spacing of 20 and 60 cm, so that a plant distance of 40 cm can be recommended in confectionary sunflower. It can also be recommended that, after the establishment of the sunflower plant, by eliminating two irrigations before reproductive growth, without effective reduction of grain yield, water resources can be used for other crops such as wheat, barley and canola.
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