Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Forms

Paper Preparation Guide

Investigation on Germination and seedling growth of three Salicornia species in response to different levels of salinity stress originated from sodium chloride using Gompertz function

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran

2 Professor of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, National Salinity Research Center, Ggricultural Research,Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Salicornia is one of the most important industrial plants of the Chenopodiaceae family, which is grown as oilseed, fodder, or vegetable crop around the world. All Salicornia species produce succulent shoots suitable for leafy vegetable production, but they differ in germination charactristics, seedling growth and physiological parameters. Germination and seedling emergence depend on the specific genotype requirements of each species and the environmental factors such as salinity stress. Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses which negatively limit crop productivity. The aim of the present study was to test biochemical and physiological responses of Salicornia species to salinity stress.
Materials and methods
In order to investigate the seed germination and seedling growth properties of Salicornia, two separate factorial experiments were conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications and four destructive examples for each replication during 2019. The first experiment (seed investigation) was carried on in the petri dish culture and second experiment (seedling investigation) was conducted using pots in the green house condition. Experimental treatments were six levels of salinity stresses (control, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 dS/m) arranged as the fist factor and in the second factor was three Salicornia species S. persica Golestan, S. biglovii and S. europaea.
Results and Discussion
Results of analysis of variance revealed that there was significant effect of salinity stress, genotype and interaction effects of both treatment on all measured germination and seedling growth characteristics (p<0.01). In all studied Salicornia species, the maximum value of traits obtain at control condition and the minimum value was observed in 50 dS/m salinity except for germination uniformity, seedling water content and total phenol content. The highest seedling water content (89.44%) was obtained from S. persica at 40 dS/m. The maximum flavonoid (0.156 mg/g.fw) and total phenol content (0.031 mg/g.fw) was observed in S. persica at 20 dS/m. Based on the output of Gompertz function (R2adj≥0.95 and RMSE≤3.25), salinity increase from 0 to 50 dS/m, the time to reach 50% of total seed germination was increased from 5.73 to 16.20 days in S. percia, 4.42 to 17.07 days in S.biglovii and 5.75 to 11.95 days, respectively.
Conclusions
Seed germination traits and seedling growth of Salicornia genotypes exhibited some level of sensitivity to salinity stress. All Salicornia species were germinated successfully at a salinity of 10 dS/m while seed germination was inhibited at 50 dS/m of salinity stress. It was revealed that the Salicornia sp. originated from Iran (S. persica) exhibited higher salinity tolerance than the species originated from Europe (i.e., S. biglovii and S. europaea). In conclusion, all Salicornia spp. exhibited reasonable salinity tolerance in the range of (10 to 30 dS/m) without compromising the high quality of the final yield. Therefore, it could be a promising alternative crop in saline-prone areas of Iran. Now, after understanding the behavior of different Salicoenia species above 10 dS/m salinity and increae of seed germination from 0 to 10 dS/m in, scrutiny of plants reaction between 0 to 10 dS/m in, it is possible to use this finding for a better breeding program of Salicornia species.
 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
Abdul-baki, A.A., Anderson, J.D., 1975. Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Science. 13, 630-633.
Abshenas, M., Esmaeili, M., Heidarzade, A., 2019. The effect of glycine betaine to increase resistance of Salicornia plant (Salicornia persica) to salinity. Journal of Plant Process and Function (Iranin Society of Plant Physiology). 8, 176-194. [In Persian with English Summary].
Al-Yamani, W., Kennedy, S., Sgouridis, S., Yousef, L.F., 2013. A land suitability study for the sustainable cultivation of the halophyte Salicornia bigelovii: the case of Abu Dhabi, UAE. Arid Land Research and Management, 27, 349-360.‏
Amiri, B., Rasouli, B., Assareh, M.H., Jafari, M., Jafari, A.A., 2012. Effect of NaCl and Na2SO4 on germination and seedling growth of Salicornia herbacea and Alhagi persarum. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Reseach, 19, 233-243. [In Persian with English Summary].
Ansari, O., Chogazardi, H., Sharifzadeh, F., Nazarli, H., 2012. Seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of treated seeds of mountain rye (Secale montanum) as affected by drought stress. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 45, 43-48.‏
Ayala, F.,  O'Leary, J.W., 1995. Growth and physiology of Salicornia bigelovii Torr. at suboptimal salinity. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 156, 197-205.‏
Bavarsadi, M., Modhej, A., Majdam,  M., 2017. Investigation the effect of salinity tension on germination, seedling growth and ionic content of alfalfa genotypes (Medicago sativa L.). Crop Physiology Journal, 9, 121-136. [In Persian with English Summary].
Beer, S.S., Beer, A.S., Sokoloff, D.D., 2010. Flower and inflorescence development in Salicornia (Chenopodiaceae). Feddes Repertorium. 121, 229-247.‏
Calone, R., Sanoubar, R., Noli, E., Barbanti, L., 2020. Assessing Salicornia europaea Tolerance to Salinity at Seed Germination Stage. Agriculture. 10, 29.‏ doi:10.3390/agriculture10020029
Camberato, J., Mccarty, B., 1999. Irrigation water quality: part I. Salinity. South Carolina Turfgrass Foundation New. 6, 6-8.‏
Chauhan, B.S., Gill, G., Preston, C., 2006. Influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of Oriental mustard (Sisymbrium orientale). Weed Science. 54, 1025-1031.‏
Copeland, L.O., McDonald, M.B., 2001. Principles of Seed Science and Technology. Dordrecht. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 18-25 Pp.‏
Davy, A.J., Bishop, G.F.,  Costa, C.S.B., 2001. Salicornia L. (Salicornia pusilla J. woods, S. ramosissima J. woods, S. europaea L., S. obscura PW ball & tutin, S. nitens PW ball & tutin, S. fragilis PW ball and tutin and S. dolichostachya moss). Journal of Ecology. 89, 681-707.‏
Dehghan, A., Bannayan Awal, M., Khajehossaini, M., Izadi, E., Mijani, S., 2013. Simulation of emergence pattern of weeds species in corn (Zea mays L.) field based on sigmoidal models. Journal of Plant Protection. 26, 457-466. [In Persian with English Summary].
Eganathan, P., Subramanian, H.S., Latha, R., Rao, C.S., 2006. Oil analysis in seeds of Salicornia brachiata. Industrial Crops and Products. 23, 177-179.‏
Egli, D.B., TeKrony, D.M., 1997. Species differences in seed water status during seed maturation and germination. Seed Science Research. 7, 3-12.‏
El-Kassaby, Y.A., Moss, I., Kolotelo, D., Stoehr, M., 2008. Seed germination: mathematical representation and parameters extraction. Forest Science. 54, 220-227.‏
Fakhari, F., Sadeghi, H., 2016. The Effect of seed pod removal on salinity tolerance of annual Medic (Medicago scutellata L.) at the germination stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 3, 148-158. [In Persian with English Summary].
Fernandez, G.C., 1992. Effective selection criteria for assessing plant stress tolerance. In Proceeding of the International Symposium on Adaptation of Vegetables and other Food Crops in Temperature and Water Stress, Aug. 13-16, Shanhua, Taiwan, 257-270 Pp.‏
Fischer, R.A., Maurer, R., 1978. Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield responses. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 29, 897-912.‏
Ghasemi Golazani, K., Mazloumi-Oskoe, R., Rahimzadeh-Khoeh, F., Alizadeh, B., 2007. Changes in seed vigor of Phaseolus vulgaris at different stages of maturity under limited irrigation conditions. Agricultural Science. 17, 91-99. [In Persian with English Summary].
Gunning, D., 2016. Cultivating Salicornia europaea (Marsh Samphire), Lucy Watso. ed. Daithi O’Murchu Marine Research Station and University College Cork, Dublin, Ireland. 1-95.
Haj SeyedHadi, M.R., Gonzalez-Andujar, J.L., 2009. Comparison of fitting weed seedling emergence models with nonlinear regression and genetic algorithm. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,.65, 19-25.‏
ISTA., 2012. International rules for seed testing, edition 2012. International seed testing association (ISTA)., Bassersdorf, Switzerland.
Izadi, E., Zargan, H., Mohamadian, M., Yanegh, A., 2014. Evaluation of germination and seedling growth characteristics of three sesame (Sesamum indicum) cultivars in salt and drought stress condition. Applied Field Crops Research. 27, 92-100. [In Persian with English Summary].
Izadi, Y., Nabipour, M., Ranjbar, Gh., 2020. Evaluation of the production potential in Salicornia species using some physiological traits, establishment mechanism and appropriate time for growing. Ph. D. dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. In Press. [In Persian].
Jacob, P.T., Siddiqui, S.A., Rathore, M.S., 2020. Seed germination, seedling growth and seedling development associated physiochemical changes in Salicornia brachiata (Roxb.) under salinity and osmotic stress. Aquatic Botany. 166, 1-12.‏
Jame, Y.W., Cutforth, H.W., 2004. Simulating the effects of temperature and seeding depth on germination and emergence of spring wheat. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 124, 207-218.
Jami Al-Ahmadi, M., Kafi, M., 2006. Salinity effects on germination properties of Kochia scoparia. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 5, 71- 75.
Javadi, H., Seghatol Eslami, M.J., Moosavi, S.Gh., 2014. The effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth of four medicinal plant species. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12, 53-64. [In Persian with English Summary].
Joosen, R.V.L., Kodde, J., Willems, L.A.J., Ligterink, W., Van der Plas, H.W., Hilhorst, H.W.M., 2010. Germinator: a software package for high-throughput scoring and curve fitting of Arabidopsis seed germination. The Plant Journal. 62, 148-159.
Katerji, N., Van Hoorn, J.W., Hamdy, A., Karam, F., Mastrorilli, M., 1994. Effect of salinity on emergence and on water stress and early seedling growth of sunflower and maize. Agricultural Water Management. 26, 81-91.‏
Khan, M.A., Gul, B., Weber, D.J., 2000. Germination responses of Salicornia rubra to temperature and salinity. Journal of Arid Environments. 45, 207-214.‏
Kalanaki, M., Bamshad, R., Shafighi Ghazagh, F., 2018. The effect of different unconventional water quality of Sistan region on germination vigor and seedling growth of a strategic halophyte plant. The 1st National Conference on Management strategies of Water Resources & Challenges. University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 30 April 2018.  Sari. Iran. 420p. [In Persian with English Summary].
Lee, S.J., Jeon, H.J., Jeong, J.H., Chung, N.J., 2016. Germination is enhanced by removal of the funiculus in the halophyte glasswort (Salicornia herbacea). Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology. 57, 323-329.‏
Maguire, J.D., 1962. Speed of germination aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science. 2, 176-177.
Mass, E.V., Hoffman, G.J. 1997. Crop salt tolerance current assessment Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, 103, 115-134.
Orlovsky, N., Japakova, U., Zhang, H., Volis, S., 2016. Effect of salinity on seed germination, growth and ion content in dimorphic seeds of Salicornia europaea L. (Chenopodiaceae). Plant Diversity. 38, 183-189.‏
Panahi, M., Akbari, G.A., Roustakhiz, J., Golbashi, M., 2012. Response of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salinity stress via germination and early seedling growth. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology. 1, 211-222. [In Persian with English Summary].
Parmoon, G., Moosavi, S.A., Siadat, S.A., 2019. Descriptions of okra seed longevity loss behavior using nonlinear regression models. Advances in Horticultural Science. 33, 301-312.‏
Pękal, A., Pyrzynska, K., 2014. Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay. Food Analytical Methods, 7, 1776-1782.‏
Poori, K., Akbari, F., Ghaderi-Far, F., 2012. Response of deteriorated cotton seed to salinity stress at germination and seedling growth stages. Journal of Plant Production. 19, 53-68. [In Persian with English Summary].
Porali, F., Ghaderi-Far, F., Soltani, E., Pahlevani, M.H., 2019. Comparison of different models for determining time up to 50% maximum germination: A case study of cottonseeds (Gossypium hirsutum). Iranian Journal of Seed Research., 5, 1-13. [In Persian with English Summary].
Qu, X.X., Huang, Z.Y., Baskin, J.M., Baskin, C.C., 2008. Effect of temperature, light and salinity on seed germination and radicle growth of the geographically widespread halophyte shrub Halocnemum strobilaceum. Annals of Botany. 101, 293-299.‏
Ranjbar, Gh., Dehghani, F., Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., Banakar, M.H., 2019. Improving salt tolerance threshold of Salicornia bigelovii at germination stage using gibberellic acid pretreatment at different levels of seawater salinity. Iranian Journal of Rangeland and Desert Research. 26, 62-72. [In Persian with English Summary].
Ranjbar, Gh., Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., 2018. Determination the threshold of salinity tolerance in Salicornia species using Persian Gulf water. Arid Biome Scientific and Research Journal. 8, 103-111. [In Persian with English Summary].
Rhoades, J.D., Kandiah, A., Mashali, A.M. 1992. The use of saline waters for crop production. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO). Irrigation and drainage paper 48. FAO, Rome, Italy. 133.‏
Robert W.P., Ustin, S.L., 2004. Effects of salinity on growth and photosynthesis of three Californiatidal marsh species. Cell Biology International. 17, 839-845.
Rosielle, A.A., Hamblin, J., 1981. Theoretical aspects of selection for yield in stress and non-stress environment 1. Crop science. 21, 943-946.‏
Salehi, M., Dehghany, E., Ebrahimi, N.Gh., 2017. Successful Salicornia Seed Production using Saline Water. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development. 4, 37-46. [In Persian with English Summary].
Santana, D.G.D., Carvalho, F.J., Toorop, P., 2018. How to analyze germination of species with empty seeds using contemporary statistical methods? Acta Botanica Brasilica. 32, 271-278.
SAS Institute., 2012. SAS/OR 9.3 User's Guide: Mathematical Programming Examples. SAS institute.‏
Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M., 1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology. 299, 152- 178.
Soltani, A., 2007. Application of SAS in statistical analysis. Jehad-e-Daneshgahi Mashhad Press (2nd ed.) 182p. [In Persian].
Soltani, A., Gholipoor, M., Zeinali, E., 2006. Seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of wheat as affected by drought and salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 55, 195-200.‏
Steppunn, H., Wang, H., Gan, Y., 1998. Evaluating Russian wild ryegrass emergence from saline seedbeds using the Gompertz function. Canadian Agriculture Engineering. 40, 241-248.‏
Tahmasbi, B., Ghaderi-Far, F.,  Sadeghipour, H.R., Galeshi, S., 2015. Enhanced accumulation of fatty acids and lipid hydroperoxides during ageing of sunflower seeds. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 4, 73-83. [In Persian with English Summary].
Tjorve, K.M., Tjørve, E., 2017. A proposed family of unified models for sigmoidal growth. Ecological Modelling. 359, 117-127.‏
Todd P.E., Ungar, I.A., 2004. Competition between Salicornia europaea and Atriplex prostrate (Chenopodiaceae) along an experimental salinity gradient. Wetlands Ecology and Management. 9, 457-461.
Ventura, Y., Wuddineh, W.A., Shpigel, M., Samocha, T.M., Klim, B.C., Cohen, S., Shemer, Z., Santos, R., Sagi, M., 2011. Effects of day length on flowering and yield production of Salicornia and Sarcocornia species. Scientia Horticulturae. 130, 510-516.‏
Zeinali, E., Soltani, A., Galeshi, S., 2002. Response of germination components to salinity stress in Oilseed rape (Brasica napus L.). Iranian Journal Agriculture Science. 33, 137-145. [In Persian with English Summary].
Zhang, H., Irving, L.J., Tian, Y., Zhou, D., 2012. Influence of salinity and temperature on seed germination rate and the hydrotime model parameters for the halophyte, Chloris virgata, and the glycophyte, Digitaria sanguinalis. South African Journal of Botany. 78, 203-210.
Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences
Volume 15, Issue 1
Open Access Policy
April 2022
Pages 231-246
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 04 August 2020
  • Revise Date: 21 September 2020
  • Accept Date: 23 September 2020
Share
How to cite
Statistics