Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivars

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. student of Agrotechnology, May.C., Islamic Azad University, Maybod, Iran

2 Associate Professor of National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization.Yazd, Iran

3 Department of Agrotechnology, May.C., Islamic Azad University, Maybod, Iran

4 Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman-Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a functional grain with high nutritional value that is tolerant to salt and drought stress. Drought, a notable environmental stress, poses a challenge to plant growth and development. Since most of Iran is considered to be arid and semi-arid regions from a climatic perspective, drought is one of the most significant abiotic stresses in this region. Therefore, cultivating drought-resistant plants, such as quinoa, is a solution to prevent a decrease in crop yield.
 
Materials and methods
To investigate the effect of drought stress on quinoa cultivars, the experiment was conducted as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block with three replications in 2023. The experiment was carried out in Zarand, Iran. The levels of drought stress treatment, which served as the main factor, included the following: 1. Full irrigation, providing 100% of the plant's water requirement (control), 2. Irrigation deficiency at 50% of the plant's water requirement (moderate drought stress), 3. Irrigation deficiency at 25% of the plant's water requirement (severe drought stress). Subplots consisted of three quinoa cultivars, including Rahmat, Sadouq, Titicaca, and one Line (Red Seed Line). The drought stress treatments were calculated using evaporation and transpiration data based on the crop coefficient. Seed cultivation was performed manually on August 15. The studied traits at the end of the growing season included: plant height, panicle weight, panicle length, panicle width, number of seeds per panicle, seed weight per panicle, 1000-seed weight, stem diameter at the base of the panicle, seed saponin content, and seed size. One square meter was taken from each plot to measure biomass and seed yield.
 
Results and discussion
The analysis of variance results indicated that drought stress significantly affected several factors, including the percentage of large and small seeds, 1000-seed weight, panicle weight, diameter of the bottom part of the stem, biomass, plant height, panicle length, and grain yield, all at the 1% significance level. The impact of drought stress on stem diameter at the base of the panicle was significant at the 5% level. The differences among cultivars in all measured traits were significant at the 5% level. The interaction effect of drought stress and cultivar on the percentage of large, medium, and small seeds, as well as the weight and number of seeds per panicle, was significant at the 1% level of significance. Biomass was reduced by 31% and 51% under 50% and 25% of the plant's water requirement, respectively, while seed yield decreased by 35% and 58%, respectively. Rahmat cultivar had the highest seed yield under severe drought stress, producing 275 g m-2. Under moderate and control conditions, Sadouq yielded 641 and 391 g m-2, respectively. The yield reduction rate under severe stress conditions for Rahmat and Red Seed Lines was lower compared to the other two cultivars. Drought stress significantly influenced seed size, as increased stress resulted in smaller seeds. In addition, cultivars with smaller seeds were more significantly affected by intense stress. The correlation analysis revealed that traits significantly influencing seed yield, including panicle weight, 1000-seed weight, biomass, and large seed size, were strongly and positively correlated with seed yield at the 1% level of significance. In contrast, the percentage of small seeds showed a significant negative correlation with yield. The saponin content showed no significant correlation with any of the measured traits. Principal components analysis (PCA) also revealed that biomass, panicle weight, diameter of the upper part of the stem, 1000-seed weight, panicle length, and large seed size had the most significant positive effects on grain yield.
 
Conclusion
Based on our findings, for selecting lines under drought stress conditions, it is recommended to assess grain size and yield at a moderate stress level of 50% of the plant's water requirement.
 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 03 May 2026

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History

  • Receive Date: 31 May 2024
  • Revise Date: 25 August 2024
  • Accept Date: 17 September 2024

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