Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and salicylic acid application on physiological and growth traits of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under drought stress

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD student in Ecophysiology, Islamic Azad University, North Branch, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Faculty, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

4 Professor, Faculty, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Drought stress is a major constraint on crop production, inducing oxidative stress and significantly impairing plant growth and yield. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most important drivers of soil ecosystem dynamics. AMF have the potential to improve plant growth and development by modulating key hormonal pathways, thereby reducing the adverse effects of abiotic stresses such as drought. Under drought stress conditions, nutrient availability in the soil undergoes significant changes.  Therefore, effective management of plant nutrition under stress conditions is essential for successful crop production. One of these strategies is the use of AMF. AMF are beneficial microorganisms that support plant nutritional requirements, promote plant growth, and contribute to overall plant health. Considering previous reports, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF inoculation and salicylic acid application on enhancing drought stress tolerance in spinach plants.
 
Materials and methods
To investigate the effects of AMF inoculation and salicylic acid application on antioxidant traits and proline content in spinach plants under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of three factors, each at two levels: AMF inoculation (non‑inoculated and inoculated with AMF), salicylic acid application (without and with salicylic acid), and drought stress (100% field capacity as non‑stress and 50% field capacity as drought stress).
 
Results and discussion
Based on the results, morphological traits of spinach, including plant height, leaf number, and leaf area index, were significantly influenced by the experimental treatments. In particular, AMF inoculation and salicylic acid application enhanced these traits by 36%, 41%, and 66%, respectively, compared with drought stress conditions. Analysis of variance revealed that AMF inoculation, drought stress, and their interaction significantly affected proline content, soluble protein content, malondialdehyde concentration, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase), and root colonization percentage. Antioxidant enzyme activity was affected by drought stress, such that increasing drought stress led to enhanced enzyme activity, contributing to the reduction of reactive oxygen species. The highest activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase were recorded under drought stress conditions in combination with AMF inoculation and salicylic acid application. In this study, the highest percentage of root colonization was observed under non-drought stress conditions with salicylic acid application, whereas the lowest colonization percentage occurred under drought stress conditions without salicylic acid application. The highest proline content was recorded under drought stress conditions in combination with AMF inoculation and salicylic acid application, representing a 23% increase compared with the control treatment. The results further indicated that AMF inoculation and salicylic acid application significantly affected the percentage of root colonization. The combined application of AMF and salicylic acid under drought stress conditions resulted in a 34% increase in protein content compared with non inoculated plants without salicylic acid application.
 
Conclusion
The results of this study demonstrated that AMF inoculation and salicylic acid application had significant effects on most of the measured traits, including antioxidant enzyme activities, proline content, soluble protein content, and malondialdehyde concentration. These findings suggest that AMF inoculation and salicylic acid application are effective strategies for improving plant tolerance to drought stress.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge all individuals whose valuable contributions supported this research.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

 
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Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences

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  • Receive Date: 13 February 2025
  • Revise Date: 18 March 2025
  • Accept Date: 23 March 2025

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