Studying genetic diversity and relationships among morphological traits in maize lines (Zea mays L.) under optimal and phosphorus deficiency stress conditions

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D., Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University,Urmia, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Western Azerbaijan, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

4 Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Phosphorus (P) is an essential and non-renewable nutrient critical for crop productivity worldwide.  Phosphorus deficiency is a major abiotic constraint that substantially limits crop yield. Because phosphorus is inherently immobile in soil, identifying novel genotypes with efficient phosphorus uptake and utilization under low-phosphorus conditions is essential. Maize is a major cereal crop cultivated worldwide; therefore, improving its phosphorus-use efficiency is crucial for optimizing maize production. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of maize lines under optimal and phosphorus-deficient conditions.
 
Materials and methods
Genetic diversity among 93 maize lines was evaluated based on morphological traits under optimal and phosphorus-deficient conditions in pot culture. Pots were arranged outdoors in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University (45.5°E, 37.37°N, 1320 m above sea level). The pots were filled with soil collected from the Urmia University research farm, which contained low phosphorus levels (7.2 mg kg⁻¹). A total of 558 pots, each containing 15 kg of soil, were prepared and divided into two groups of 279 pots each. In both groups, pots were filled with a mixture of low-phosphorus soil and sand in a 2:1 ratio. All pots were fertilized with nitrogen at 6.0 g kg⁻¹ (applied in three splits during the growing season), potassium sulfate at 9.0 g kg⁻¹, iron sulfate at 1.0 g kg⁻¹, manganese sulfate at 0.15 g kg⁻¹, zinc sulfate at 0.66 g kg⁻¹, copper sulfate at 0.20 g kg⁻¹, and boric acid at 0.014 g kg⁻¹. In the optimal-phosphorus group, triple superphosphate was applied at 4.0 g kg⁻¹, whereas no phosphorus fertilizer was added in the control group. After pollination, various morphological traits were measured. Statistical analyses, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, stepwise regression, path analysis, cluster analysis, and factor analysis, were performed using R software.
 
Results and discussion
Phosphorus deficiency caused a significant reduction in the mean values of morphological traits compared with optimal conditions. Stepwise regression and path analysis indicated that under optimal conditions, weight of ear without husk (WEWH), ear wood weight (EW), ear diameter (ED), cob diameter (CD), ear length (EL), and ear-up leaves (EUL) were the most important traits affecting grain yield. Under phosphorus-deficient conditions, WEWH, EL, ED, 100-grain weight (HGW), and biological yield (BY) were the key contributors to grain yield. Cluster analysis grouped the maize lines into three clusters under optimal conditions and two clusters under phosphorus-deficient conditions. Under both optimal and phosphorus-deficient stress conditions, the first cluster comprised high-yielding lines that can be utilized in developing maize hybrids tolerant to phosphorus deficiency. Factor analysis revealed that grain yield (GY), weight of ear together with husk (WETH), WEWH, and tassel height (TH), which exhibited high communalities in both environments, are key traits for selecting lines tolerant to phosphorus deficiency.
 
Conclusion
Significant differences were observed among the evaluated maize lines under optimal and phosphorus-deficient conditions. Nevertheless, lines 5, 7, 10, 24, 28, 48, 64, 114, and 121 exhibited suitable grain performance across both environments and can be utilized in breeding programs to develop phosphorus-efficient genotypes.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences

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  • Receive Date: 07 November 2024
  • Revise Date: 26 January 2025
  • Accept Date: 08 February 2025

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