Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Forms

Paper Preparation Guide

Effect of different levels of salinity on morpho-physiological cCharacteristics of wood Sage (Salvia nemorosa L.)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

2 Department of Agricultural and Plant Breeding, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that severely curtails the growth and production of agricultural products. Water scarcity makes the use of salty waters for agricultural products not only inevitable but also economically efficient. Salvia nemorosa is a perennial plant that belongs to Lamiaceae family. Given the medicinal value Salvia of plants, this study was performed to assess the effects of sodium chloride salinity on the physiological and morphological properties of Salvia nemorosa.

Materials and methods
The study was a randomized block design and was conducted in 2018 using pots at the greenhouse of the Research Center no.1 of the City of Isfahan’s Parks Department. The randomized block design had 4 levels of salinity: 12(control), 50, 75, and 100 mM of sodium chloride and was repeated 5 times. The morphological properties of the plants such as the length and width of the leaves, the plants’ height and the length of the corymbs were measured by a ruler. The number of leaves and corymbs in each bush and the number of flower and seed in each corymb was measured manually. Aerial parts of the plants, under both wet and dry conditions, were measured by a digital scale. In order to measure chlorophyll the method of Li et al. was used. Measuring Prolin leaf was done by the method of Bates et al. and the total phenol was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu.
Statistical analysis was done by SAS and the means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) with alpha levels of 1% and 5%.

Results and discussion
The ANOVA results showed significant effect of salinity on the height, the number and the width and length of leaves, the length of corymbs and their number in each bush, the number of flowers in corymbs, the wet and dry weight of the root, the level of chlorophyll a and b and the total chlorophyll and these properties at the level of salinity of 100mM were respectively: 20.56% , 68.95%, 54.41%, 27.97%, 9.19%, 82.85%, 41.45%, 62.31%, 60.47%, 53.84%, 23.13%, 34.09%, 66.66%, 62.5% and 64.7% reduction in comparison with the control sample. Salinity had also a significant effect on the level of Prolin and total phenol and in the sample of 100mM sodium chloride, it showed an increase of 62.5% and 96.17% respectively in comparison with the control sample.
Since the dry weight is an appropriate measure for photosynthesis and growth in plants, the decreasing of the dry weight of the aerial parts and the root of the plant as salinity stresses increase, shows that the plants photosynthesis and growth have decreased in the plants. Accumulation of harmful ions like sodium chloride leads to a decrease in the wet weights of the aerial parts and causes disorder in the metabolism of nutarians.
Reduction of the leaves chlorophyll in salinity stresses is caused by decomposing enzymes. Decreasing of the leaf area can be considered as a defense mechanism in the plant in order for it to reduce the level of transpiration and avoid salinity. Increasing the level of salinity also increases the rate of falling of leaves and decreases the rate of the production of new leaves. Meanwhile, higher salinity causes a decrease in the level of calcium and potassium in the plant, which in turn, results in a decline in growth.
Salinity stress decreases the number of corymbs through disturbing the photosynthesis process in the plant, which in turn, reduces the production of photosynthetic material that is supposed to feed the growing parts of the plants. This reduction will eventually cause the plant to not to achieve its genetic potentials with respect to the number of corymbs. The reduction in the rate of germination leads to a lower number of flowers. Phenolic combinations are parts of the non-enzymatic and antioxidant defense system which inhibit the free radicals. Soil salinity increases the total phenol in some plants which is an advantage in medicinal plants. These plants use Prolin to keep the osmotic pressure and protect the plant against salinity.

Conclusion
Salvia nemorosa combats salinity by osmotic adjustment via increasing of Prolin amino acid and by increasing total phenol and oxidative stress.Therefore it can be concluded that the this plant on salinity levlels up to 50 mM (6.5 ds/m) can tolerate sodium choloride and is sensitive to higher levels of salinity.

Key Words
Keywords: Abiotic stress, Prolin, Total phenol, Morphological traits.

Keywords

References
Abdul, J., Gopisankar, R.B., Manivannan, P., Kishorekumar, A., Sridharan, R., Panneerselvam, R., 2007. Studies on germination, seedling vigor, lipid peroxidation and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus seedling under salt stress. Journal of Botany. 73, 190-195.
Aghai, K., Talai, N., Kanani, M., Yazdani, M., 2014. Effect of salt stress on some physiological and biochemical parameters of two Salvia species. Journal of Plant and Function. 3, 85-96. [In Persian with English summary].
Ashraf, M., Mukhtar, N., Rehman, S., Rha, E.S., 2004. Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant Bishop’s weed (Ammi majus L.). Photosynthetica. 42, 543-550.
Azari, A., ModaresSanavi, S.A.M., Askari, H., Ghanati, F., Naji, A.M., Alizadeh, B., 2012. Effect of salt stress on morphological and physiological traits of two species of rapeseed (Brassica napus and B. rapa). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences.14, 121-135. [In Persian with English summary].
Baghalian, K., Haghiry, A., Naghavi, M.R., Mohammadi, A., 2008. Effect of saline irrigation water on agronomical and phytochemical characters of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). Scientia Horticulture. 116, 437–441.
Bandehhagh, A., Toorchi, M., Mohammadi, A., Chaparzadeh, N., Hosseinisalekdeh, G., Kazemnian, H., 2008. Growth and osmotic adjustment of canola genotypes in response to salinity. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment. 6, 201-208.
Baniasadi, F., Saffari, V., Maghsoodi, M.A., 2015. Effect of putrescine and salinity on morphological and biochemical traits and pigment content of marigold plant (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture Soilless Culture Research Center. 6, 125-134. [In Persian with English summary].
Bates, L., Waldren, R.P., Tear, I.P., 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39, 205–207.
 Chekovari, Z., Gasemov, N., 2015. Study of some microelements, proline and protein of Brago officilalis L. under draught stress. Journal of Crop Biotechnology. 4, 65-75. [In Persian with English summary].
Dehghan, A., Rahimmalek, M., 2018. The effect of salt stress on morphological traits and essential oil content of Iranian and foreign yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) genotypes. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture Soilless Culture Research Center.9, 23-38. [In Persian with English summary].
 
 Ebrahim, M., 2005. Amelioration of sucrose metabolism and yield changes, in storage roots of NaCl-stressed sugar beet by ascorbic acid. Agrochimica. 49, 93–103.
Ghavampoor, S., gerami, M., Rameeh, V., Ghasemiomran, V., 2016. Effects of salinity on some morphological characteristics of stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in vitro condition. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 8, 65-76 [In Persian with English summary].
Gholami, R., Kashefi, B., Saeidisar, S., 2014. Effect salicylic acid on alleviation of salt stress on growth traits of Salvia limbata L. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 5, 63-73 [In Persian with English summary].
Greenway, H., Munns, R., 1980. Mechanism of salt tolerance in non- halophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 31, 141-190.
Grieve, C., Lesch, S.M., Mass, E.V., 1992. Analysis of main spike yield components in salt stressed wheat. Crop Science. 32, 697-703.
Hendawy, S.F., Khalid, A., 2005. Response of sage (Salvia Officinalis L.) plants to zinc application under different salinity levels. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 1, 147-155.
Hosseini, H., Moosavifard, S., Fatehi, F., Ghaderi. A., 2017. Changes in Phytochemical and Morpho-physilogical Traits of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under Different Salinity Levels. Journal of Medicinal Plants.1, 22-33 [In Persian with English summary].
Hunt, R.H., 1990. Plant Growth Analysis. Unwin-Hyman, London, 112 p.
Kamatou, G.P.P., Makunga, N.P., Ramogola, W.P.N., Viljoen, A.M., 2008. South African Salvia species. A review of biological activities and phytochemistry. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 11, 664-672.
Karimian, Z., Samiei, L., Nabati, J., 2016. Investigation of Flowering in Ornamental Sage (Salvia splendens) under Salt Stress with Humic Acid Application, 1st International and 2nd National Congress of Ornamentals plants. 23-25 August 2018, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian].
Khorasaninejad, S., Soltanloo, H., Hadian, J., Atashi, S., 2016. The Effect of Salinity Stress on the Growth, quantity and quality of Essential oil of Lavender (Lavandula angustifulia Miller), Journal of Horticulture Science. 30, 209-216. [In Persian with English summary].
Khorsandi, O., Hassani, A., Sefidkon, F., Shirzad, H., Khorsandi. A., 2010. Effect of salinity (NaCl) on growth, yield, essential oil content and composition of Agastache foeniculum kuntz. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26, 438-451. [In Persian with English summary].
Li, G., Wan, Sh., Zhou, J., Yang, Zh., Qin, P., 2009. Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, hyperspectral reflectance, pigments content, malondialdehyde and proline accumulation responses of castor bean (Ricinus commonis L.) seedlings to salt stress levels. Industrial Crops and Products. 31, 13-19.
Li, M., Li, Q., Zhang, C., Zhang, N., Cui, Z,. Huang, L., Xiao, P., 2013. An ethnopharmacological investigation of medicinal Salvia plants (Lamiaceae) in China. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. 3, 273-280.
Lovelli, S., Sofo, A., Perniola, M., Scopa, A., 2013. Abscisic acid and biomass portioning on tomato under salinity. In: Parviz, A., Azooz, M. M., Prasad, M.N.V. (Eds.), Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress. Springer Press, pp. 267-282.
 Makkizadeh-Tafti, M., Tavakol-Afshari, R., Majnoonhosseini, N., Naghdibadi, H.A., 2008. Evaluation of salinity tolerance and absorption of salt by Borage (Borago officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24, 253-262. [In Persian with English summary].
Maleki, A., Kiani, M., Alinejadian, A., 2016. The effect of salt on yield and some physical and biochemical characteristics of leafy beet under greenhouse condition. P. 1-10. 24-26 August. Second National Congress of Irrigation and Drainage in Iran, Isfahan University of Technology. [In Persian].
Marwa Rezgui, R., Nessrine, M., Sofiene, B., Brahim, M., Houda, G., Maria Eduarda, M., Araujo, L., Bettaieb, B., 2017. How salt stress represses the biosynthesis of marrubiin and disturbs the antioxidant activity of Marrubium vulgare L. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 26, 267-277.
Momeni, N., Arvin, M.J., Khagoeinegad, G., Keramat, B., 2013. Effects sodium chloride and salicylic acid on some photosynthetic parameters and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Journal of Scientific Information Database. 5, 15-29. [In Persian with English summary].
Neocleous, D.,Vasilakakis, M., 2007. Effect of NaCl stress on red raspberry. Scientia Horticulturae. 112, 282-289.
Pandey, M., Chikara, S.K., 2014. In vitro regeneration and effect of abiotic stress on physiology and biochemical content of Stevia. Journal of Plant Science and Research. 1, 113-117.
Papp, J.C., Ball, M.C., Terry, N., 1983. A comparative study of the effects of Nacl salinity on respiration, photosynthesis and leaf extension growth in Beta valgaris Plant. Cell and Environment. 6, 675-677.
Poursoltan Hojagan, M., Arouiee, H., Tabatabaei, S.J., Neamati, S.H., 2017. Effect of amino acids foliar spraying on growth and physiological indices of tomato under salt stress conditions. Agroecology Journal. 13, 41-50. [In Persian with English summary].
Ramezani, M.R., Seghatoleslami, M.J., Sayyari, M.H., Moosavi, S.G., 2018. Effect of salinity and foliar application of Zn and Fe on yield and morphological and quality traits of Carum copticum. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 10, 595-604. [In Persian with English summary].
Rao, G.G., Rao, G.R., 1981. Pigment composition and chlorophyllase activity in Pigeon Pea and gingerly under Nacl Salinity. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 19, 768- 770.
Rosa- Ibara, M.D. L., Maiti, R.K., 1995. Biochemical mechanism in glossy sorghum lines for resistance to salinity stress. Journal of Plant physiology. 146, 515-519.
Russo, A., Formisano, C., Rigano, D., Senatore, F., Delfine, S., Cardile, V., Rosselli, S., Bruno, M., 2013. Chemical composition and anticancer activity of essential oils of Mediterranean sage (Salvia officinalis L.) grown in different environmental conditions. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 55, 42–47.
Sadeghzadeh, F., Eidi, A., Mazooji, A., 2009. Hypoglycemic effect of alcoholic extract of Salvia nemorosa in normal and diabetic male rats. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 3, 233-238. [In Persian with English summary].
Safari-Mohamadiyeh, Moghaddam, Z., Abedy, M., Samiei, B., 2015. Effects of salinity stress on some yield parameters and morphological characteristics of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) in hydroponic conditions. 23, 97-107. [In Persian with English summary].
Sairam, R.K., Veerrabhadra, K., Srivastava, G.C., 2002. Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, Antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science. 163, 1037-1046.
Setayeshmehr, Z., Esmaeizadeh Bahabadi, S., 2013. Effect of salt stress on some phological and biochemical characteristics in Coriandrum sativum L. Journal of Plant Production Research. 20, 111-128. [In Persian with English summary].
Sevengor, S., Kusvuran S., Elliaitioglu, S., 2011. The effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and ntioxidative enzymes of pumpkin seedling. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6, 4920-4924.
Sirousmeher, A., Berdel, J., Mohammadi, M., 2015. Changes of germination properties, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes activity of safflower as affected by drought and salinity stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 8, 517-533. [In Persian with English summary].
Soori, N., Moosavi, S.F., 2016. Effect of Salinity stress induced by NaCl on the Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). 1St National Conference of the Role of Medicinal Herbs in Resistive Economy. April 27-28, 2016, Payam Noor University, FereidoonShahr, Iran. [In Persian].
Sudhakar, P.R., Reddy, M.P. Veeranjaneyulu, K., 1993. Effect of salt stress on the enzymes of proline synthesis and oxidation in Green gram seedling. Journal Plant Physiology. 141, 621-623.
Timperio, A.M., Egidi, M.G., Zolla, L., 2008. Proteomics applied on plant abiotic stresses: role of heat shock proteins (HSP). Journal of Proteomics. 71, 391–411.
Vakili-Shahrbabaki, S.M., 2016. Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Salvia officinalis L. and Achillea millefoliom L. from Kerman province. Ecophytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plant. 4, 33-43. [In Persian].
Valifard, M., Mohsenzadeh, S., Kholdebarin, B., Rowshan, V., 2014. Effects of salt stress on volatile compounds, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Salvia mirzayanii. South African Journal of Botany. 93, 92–97
Volkmar, K., Steppuha, H., 1998. Physiological responses of Plants to salinity: a review. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 78, 19- 72.
Yeo, A.R., Lee, K.S., Izard, P., Bousier, P.J., Flowers, T.J., 1991. Short and long- term effects of salinity on leaf growth in rice. Journal of Experimental Botany. 42, 881- 889.
Zeng, J., Chen, A., Li, D., Yi, B., Wu, W., 2013. Effects of salt stress on the growth, physiological responses and glycoside contents of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 60, 2751-2756.
Zhao, G., Shi, Q., Han, Y.U., Li, S.H., Wang, C.H., 2014. The Physiological and biochemical responses of a medicinal plant (Salvia miltiorrhiza L.) to stress caused by various concentrations‌ of NaCl. Available online February 25, 2014, from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089624.
Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences
Volume 13, Issue 3
Open Access Policy
October 2020
Pages 983-993
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 15 January 2019
  • Revise Date: 06 March 2019
  • Accept Date: 09 March 2019
Share
How to cite
Statistics