Drought stress
Aram Sharifi-Zagheh; Mostafa Khodadadi; Amir Gholizadeh
Abstract
IntroductionCoriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herb of the umbel family and is belonged from North Africa to south-western of Asia. Coriander is one of the important medicinal plant that used in the pharmaceutical industry and it mainly cultivated and widely distributed for the fruits. The ...
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IntroductionCoriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herb of the umbel family and is belonged from North Africa to south-western of Asia. Coriander is one of the important medicinal plant that used in the pharmaceutical industry and it mainly cultivated and widely distributed for the fruits. The dried fruits are widely employed as a condiment, especially for flavoring of sauces, meat products and bakery and confectionery items. Also, coriander fruits are as a source of essential oils and fatty oil. Water deficit stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and survival of plants in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Water is a major component of the fresh produce and significantly effects on weight and quality of plants. Also, water deficit may cause significant changes in the yield and composition of essential oils in aromatic and medicine plants. So that, was reported that water deficit increased essential oil percentage in coriander but decreased essential oil yield. Iran with an average annual rainfall of 240 mm is included among arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Of the million hectares of cultivated region, only five millions are under irrigation because of intense water limitations. However, Iran is one of the world’s commercial coriander producers. Coriander has been cultivated for many years in different parts of Iran. Therefore, development of drought-tolerant cultivars with high essential oil yield is important in coriander. The objective of this study was evaluation general combination ability of endemic coriander genotypes for fruit yield, yield components and essential oil content under different watering regimes.Materials and MethodsF14 half sib families including TN-59-10, TN-59-36, TN-59-80, TN-59-158, TN-59-160, TN-59-164, TN-59-230, TN-59-306, TN-59-347, TN-59-353, TN-59-357, TN-59-422, TN-59-450 and commercial genotype were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications in each experiment during growing season of 2016 in the research field of Tarbiat Modares University. Plants were treated with different levels of water treatment: well watered (WW), moderate water stress (MWS) and severe water stress (SWS).Results and DiscussionResults of data analysis revealed that total chlorophyll (86.32%), fruit yield (98.56%) and essential oil content (48.85%) exhibited the most phenotypic coefficients of variation in non-stress, moderate stress and severe stress conditions, respectively. Also, the most genotypic coefficients of variation in non-stress, moderate stress and severe stress estimated for essential oil content (79.86%), fruit yield (43.76%) and essential oil content (45.5%) respectively. Results of cluster analysis using general combining ability (GCA) data revealed that F8, F9, F10 and F14 are suitable for synthetic variety production to cultivate in full irrigated condition because these genotypes had high GCA for fruit yield and its component. F1, F7 and F11 are suitable to produce high fruit and essential oil yielding variety in moderate drought stress. Also, F6, F7, F11, F13 and F14 suggested as donor for fruit yield and F1, F3, F7, F9 and F12 for essential oil content in severe drought stress.ConclusionGenerally, the results indicated that that F8, F9, F10 and F14 are suitable for synthetic variety production to cultivate in full irrigated condition because these genotypes had high GCA for fruit yield and its component. F1, F7 and F11 are suitable to produce high fruit and essential oil yielding variety in moderate drought stress. Also, F6, F7, F11, F13 and F14 suggested as donor for fruit yield and F1, F3, F7, F9 and F12 for essential oil content in severe drought stress.AcknowledgementsThe authors thank from the Gene bank of the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute of Karaj, Iran for making available plant materials
Mehdi Zohdi Aghdam; Farokh Darvish Kojouri; Mehdi Ghaffari; Asa Ebrahimi
Abstract
Five CMS lines and four restorer lines (tester) were crossed in a line × tester scheme in order to analyze general and specific combining abilities and gene effects in sunflower for some agronomic traits. Hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with three replications under ...
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Five CMS lines and four restorer lines (tester) were crossed in a line × tester scheme in order to analyze general and specific combining abilities and gene effects in sunflower for some agronomic traits. Hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with three replications under optimum and limited water conditions in the Agriculture Research Station, Khoy, during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. Plant height, head diameter, seeds per head, days to beginning of flowering, days to maturity, proline percent, protein percent, and Chlorophyll b were found to be controlled mainly by dominance effects. CMS lines AGK30 and testers RGHK25 and RGHK50 turned out to be the best general combiners for seed and oil yield. The highest positive and significant GCA for plant height, head diameter, and the number of seeds per head were achieved for RGHK25. The hybrid combination of AGK44 × RGHK56 showed high specific combining ability for seed and oil yield. In the study of general combining ability, the AGK110 line has a positive and consistent general combining ability, and AGK2 has a negative and significant general combining ability with catalase . In the test of the testers, the tester (RGHK50) had the highest GCA positive and meaningful drug tester (RGHK56), which had a significant negative and significant combining ability with catalase . In the study of hybrid hybrid combining ability (RGHK46 × AGK260), the highest positive and significant positive and significant hybrid confinement (RGHK46 × AGK44) had the highest SCA negative and significant levels. In the RGHK46 × AGK260 hybrid combinability study, the highest positive and significant positive and significant hybrid confinement (RGHK46 × AGK44) had the highest SCA negative and significant effect on catalase identity. The AGK44 line has the ability to combine publicly and positively with AGK110 capability. The general combining ability was negative and significant with SOD. In the test of the testers, the RGHK 56 tester had the highest GCA positive and significant mean of the RGHK25 tester, which had a negative and significant general combining ability with superoxide dismutase. In the study of hybrid hybrid combining ability (RGHK50 × AGK260), the highest positive and significant positive and significant positive combining ability (RGHK50 × AGK44) had the highest SCA negative and significant values for SOD. In explaining the traits, plant height, Number of seeds per head and percentage of proline under stress conditions played a more significant role. Plant height and number of seeds per head were controlled by both growth and dominance effects. also In the study of general combining ability, the highest GCA positive and significant values were related to the AGK30 line and the most general negative and significant general combining ability was AGK2 line (Table 4-14). In the test of the testers, the tester (RGHK 46) had the highest GCA positive The drug tester (RGHK25) had the most significant negative and significant general combining ability with proline). In the study of hybrid combining ability (RGHK46 × AGK2), the highest positive and significant positive and significant hybrid confinement (RGHK25 × AGK260) had the highest SCA negative and significant values .
Ghazaleh Biriyay; Khodadad Mostafavi; Manoochehr Khodarahmi
Abstract
Introduction Diallel crosses can be used to study the gene action and heterotic grouping and patterns. In the recent decade, use of graphical approach or GGE biplot in the investigation of genotype × environment has become more common in breeding programs. In this method, the effect of genotype ...
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Introduction Diallel crosses can be used to study the gene action and heterotic grouping and patterns. In the recent decade, use of graphical approach or GGE biplot in the investigation of genotype × environment has become more common in breeding programs. In this method, the effect of genotype and genotype and environment interaction are broken and stable cultivar selection is done basis of both effects. When GGE biplot was used for diallel data, each genotype reviled as both line and tester. Also in this case, average performance and stability of genotypes equivalent with the parent GCA and SCA respectively. Biplot method very useful tool for visual assessment and interpretation of the parent’s pattern, the environment and their interaction. The aim of this study provides the following information for wheat base graphical methods: (1) Set parental general combining ability, (2) Estimates specific combining ability for hybrids, (3) Determine the adequate testers for future research, (4) Determine the best hybrids, (5) Determine of heterotic group and patterns among genotypes. Materials and Methods In this study, seven varieties of wheat including Alamut, C-84-12, Gaspard, Ghods, Moghan 1 and Afshar (as parents) were used. These varieties with 21 genotypes of F1 generation of them base half diallel (without reciprocal crosses) in 2012-2013 crop year on research farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, in drought stress condition were cultivated. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. To analysis of variance SAS software and for Diallel analysis D2 software were used. Graphical analysis according to Yan and Hunt method done with GGE biplot software. In order to evaluate the diallel results in bread wheat, biplot method was used. In this study, 12 agronomic traits, including Grain yield, Plant height, Spike length, Spike Weight, Stem diameter length, Awn length of the second internodes, Peduncle length, Extrusion peduncle, Seed length, Seed size and 1000 Seedweight were examined. Results and discussion Analysis of variance showed significant differences for most of the traits. General combining ability mean squares for all the traits except plant height, length of the second internodes and stem diameter was significant. Specific combining ability mean squares for all traits except stem diameter was significant at the one percent probability level. The highest and lowest average grain yield for parents was observed for Hamoon and Afshar cultivars and for hybrids observed for crosses the Hamoon × Ghods and C-84-12 × Gaspard. The most significant positive GCA for grain yield, was reviled for Hamoon variety. The most significant SCA for grain yield per square meter, observed for Hamoon × Ghods and C-84-12 × Moghan1. For spike weight, the highest and significant SCA values observed for Afshar × C-84-12 and Alamut × Gaspard. For grain weight the highest SCA observed for Alamoot × Ghods and Afshar × C-84-12. For spike length, Alamoot × C-84-12, Ghods × C-84-12, Afshar × Gaspard and Ghods × Moghan1 had a positive and significant SCA. Based on the results of diallel analysis biplot for grain yield of the lines, Cultivars Alamut and Afshar respectively, have a highest and lowest general combining abillity. Cultivars C-84-12, Ghods, and Gaspard has a specific combining ability were higher than other lines. Cultivars were divided into two groups. The first group includes Cultivars Gaspard, C-84-12 and Hamun, second group includes Alamut, Ghods, Moghan1 and Afshar. Testers Ghods, Alamut, C-84-12 and Gaspard similarities and relationships more than other tester for grain yield. Cultivars Ghods, C-84-12 and Alamut had more discriminating effect than other varieties. Conclusions In total, there were significant genetics diversity between cultivars that cause of the additive and non-additive effects in the studied traits such as yield. Comparing the results of numerical analyzes with graphical results represents the good conformity between of these two methods. Due to preferable of graphical methods in terms of faster and simpler interpretation for results, the use of these methods, to facilitate the investigation, recommended.
